Essay --

Econ 157 wellness Economics Aram Cherkezyan Analytical Policy Write-Up Assignment 1low-cost wellness grapple (ACA)In last few decades Health care sector umteen times helped to drag the economy from recession. However in last two years wellness care spending grew more slowly than the economy, and almost believably it go out repeat this year. Ongoing debates during last week continued about the pros and cons of Affordable Care Act and whether it will help the economy or not. Affordable Health Care plays a huge and a very important role in current US economy and particularly on employment, that is wherefore I decided to focus my writing on Affected Health care and its consequences on US labor economy. The opponents of Affordable Care Act (ACA) arrogate that the Act will significantly worsen an scotch condition in the country. However, in this write-up Im going to focus on the advantages of Affordable Health Care and write only positive aspects of it. Congressional Budget Office (CBO) presents six ship canal that the ACA is helping the labor market, laying the foundation for future economic ontogenesis, and improving families financial security and well-being. I am going to provide an explanation for the most important points.First of all, preventing the growth of wellness care be will hang unemployment in near future. Currently United States has an unprecedented slowdown in the growth of healthcare (the lowest growth in the invoice during last three years), thus it will reduce the insurance premium costs for employers. Furthermore, employers will be able to hire more workers as concisely as health care premium costs going to be smaller. Slower growth in health care costs reduces the growth of the health insurance premiums paid by employers, which has i... ...ty. Fifth and last point is the reduction in the long-term shortage and the foundation for future growth. ACA will reduce the deficit by about $10o billion and the ACAs deficit-reducing effect s will increase everywhere time. CBO guesses that over the next two decades, the ACA will reduce the deficit by an average of 0.5 percent of GDP each year, thus reducing approximately $1.6 between 2022 and 2032. The decrease in long-term deficit will increase subject field savings, reducing foreign borrowing thus increasing national income. These factors will improve standards of existing in the future. Relaying on these five major points I count that Affordable Healthcare Act may shave a positive effect on US economy, improve health condition of low-income families, increase guide for goods and services, reduce foreign borrowing and decrease an unemployment rate in the United States. Essay -- Econ 157 Health Economics Aram Cherkezyan Analytical Policy Write-Up Assignment 1Affordable Health Care (ACA)In last few decades Health care sector many times helped to drag the economy from recession. However in last two years health care spending grew more slowly than the economy, and most probably it will repeat this year. Ongoing debates during last week continued about the pros and cons of Affordable Care Act and whether it will help the economy or not. Affordable Health Care plays a huge and a very important role in current US economy and particularly on employment, that is why I decided to focus my writing on Affected Health care and its consequences on US labor economy. The opponents of Affordable Care Act (ACA) claim that the Act will significantly worsen an economic condition in the country. However, in this write-up Im going to focus on the advantages of Affordable Health Care and write only positive aspects of it. Congressional Budget Office (CBO) presents six ways that the ACA is helping the labor market, laying the foundation for future economic growth, and improving families financial security and well-being. I am going to provide an explanation for the most important points.First of all, preventing the growth of health care costs will decrease unemployment in near future. Currently United States has an unprecedented slowdown in the growth of healthcare (the lowest growth in the history during last three years), thus it will reduce the insurance premium costs for employers. Furthermore, employers will be able to hire more workers as soon as health care premium costs going to be smaller. Slower growth in health care costs reduces the growth of the health insurance premiums paid by employers, which has i... ...ty. Fifth and last point is the reduction in the long-term deficit and the foundation for future growth. ACA will reduce the deficit by about $10o billion and the ACAs deficit-reducing effects will increase over time. CBO guesses that over the next two decades, the ACA will reduce the deficit by an average of 0.5 percent of GDP each year, thus reducing approximately $1.6 between 2022 and 2032. The decrease in long-term deficit will increase national savings, reducing foreign borrowing thus increasing nationa l income. These factors will improve standards of living in the future. Relaying on these five major points I believe that Affordable Healthcare Act may shave a positive effect on US economy, improve health condition of low-income families, increase demand for goods and services, reduce foreign borrowing and decrease an unemployment rate in the United States.

Management and Leadership Essay -- Compare Contrast Managing Leading E

Management is not leadinghip just as leadership is not make doment. In order to differentiate between the two we must ask ourselves which we relate to more, or rather, which we consider ourselves to be by asking the doubtfulness which am I? Am I a Manager or can I consider myself a Leader? What type of person makes a good private instructor? What type of personality is best for leaders?Management and leadership are two notions that may be interchangeably, but there is a huge divagation between a manager and a leader. They are two different ways of organizing people the manager uses a formal mode and the leader uses passion. Managers do things right, and leaders do the right things. (Chapman, 2004, p.80)Leadership is having the ability to give guidance to those that will follow. It involves both sides of human experience. It includes actions and influences based on flat coat and logic as well those based on inspiration and passion. Leadership is a social process shared among distributively(prenominal) members of a group. Leadership increase comes through experience. We totally learn from our different experiences. Whether positive or negative, they are our tools for growth and development. Management is a position of authority. Management says what need to amaze do and supplies the material to get it through with(p). Management tends to be the more educated than the experienced. Managers can be trained to hold a position. Management is a position of leadership.The leadership process is a total learning process. We all are leaders in our own way at different times in our lives. For framework a puzzle or m opposite with children, their children look to them for guidance. They as well as learn their values and about their culture through them. That is having leadership abilities. Friends look to each other for advice and different experiences that each of them have do. Some people perform leadership acts on the daily basis and dont even realize it until they think about it or until someone brings it to their attention. Thats why its said that a part of learning about leadership is to always think about it. Leadership is just one of the galore(postnominal) assets a prospered manager must posses, because a manager can manage the process or system but can not manage people. If organizations expect all manager to be a leader, or if they confuse the two roles, gradually they will be falling apart. Care must... ...lusion, It is evident by now that there indeed is a difference between managers and leaders and it is eventually the approach taken upon certain methods that is the determinant of your leadership role. Managerial condition is positional occasion it is power over people whereas leadership is supportive power, and it is power with people. Whether you vision the destination, or the transportation there, whether you try to be efficient or effective and whether you centralise on the speed or the path all come into p lay as your leadership quality level. These qualities can be alter and developed, if they are all focused on the right things. That is why good managers tend to be good leaders, because they can focus on getting tasks done efficiently and also do it right at the same time. Managers are good disciplinarians they are able to manage certain objectives while being efficient. til now good leaders are more supportive and creative and might sometimes lack the disciplinary quality of getting the right thing done as efficiently as possible. For the most part, there is a very fine line between good managers and good leaders, but good leaders just arent and do not want to be, managers. Management and Leadership Essay -- Compare Contrast Managing Leading EManagement is not leadership just as leadership is not management. In order to differentiate between the two we must ask ourselves which we relate to more, or rather, which we consider ourselves to be by asking the question which am I? Am I a Manager or can I consider myself a Leader? What type of person makes a good manager? What type of personality is best for leaders?Management and leadership are two notions that may be interchangeably, but there is a huge difference between a manager and a leader. They are two different ways of organizing people the manager uses a formal method and the leader uses passion. Managers do things right, and leaders do the right things. (Chapman, 2004, p.80)Leadership is having the ability to give guidance to those that will follow. It involves both sides of human experience. It includes actions and influences based on reason and logic as well those based on inspiration and passion. Leadership is a social process shared among all members of a group. Leadership development comes through experience. We all learn from our different experiences. Whether positive or negative, they are our tools for growth and development. Management is a position of authority. Management says what need to get done and supplies the material to get it done. Management tends to be the more educated than the experienced. Managers can be trained to hold a position. Management is a position of leadership.The leadership process is a total learning process. We all are leaders in our own way at different times in our lives. For example a father or mother with children, their children look to them for guidance. They also learn their values and about their culture through them. That is having leadership abilities. Friends look to each other for advice and different experiences that each of them have done. Some people perform leadership acts on the daily basis and dont even realize it until they think about it or until someone brings it to their attention. Thats why its said that a part of learning about leadership is to always think about it. Leadership is just one of the many assets a successful manager must posses, because a manager can manage the process or system but can not m anage people. If organizations expect every manager to be a leader, or if they confuse the two roles, gradually they will be falling apart. Care must... ...lusion, It is evident by now that there indeed is a difference between managers and leaders and it is eventually the approach taken upon certain methods that is the determinant of your leadership role. Managerial power is positional power it is power over people whereas leadership is supportive power, and it is power with people. Whether you vision the destination, or the transportation there, whether you try to be efficient or effective and whether you focus on the speed or the path all come into play as your leadership quality level. These qualities can be improved and developed, if they are all focused on the right things. That is why good managers tend to be good leaders, because they can focus on getting tasks done efficiently and also do it right at the same time. Managers are good disciplinarians they are able to manage c ertain objectives while being efficient. However good leaders are more supportive and creative and might sometimes lack the disciplinary quality of getting the right thing done as efficiently as possible. For the most part, there is a very fine line between good managers and good leaders, but good leaders just arent and do not want to be, managers.

The Ancient Maya Essay -- essays research papers

The Maya of Mesoamerica, along with the Aztecs ofMexico and the Incas of Peru, made up the highcivilizations of the American Indians at the time of theSpanish conquest. Both the Aztecs and the Incas were latecivilizations, between 1300-1533 AD, but the Maya of theYucatan and Guatemala exhibited a cultural continuityspanning more than 2,000 years, 1000 BC-AD 1542.Many aspects of this culture continue yet today. TheAncient Maya in their time had actually refined writing.They had an extensive create verbally language, which was bothphonetic as well as ideographic. One of only fiveindependently created writing systems in human history.Maya words were in hieroglyphs, to each one picture with its ownmeaning. Unlike other ancient Central Americancivilizations, the Maya could write in words, sentences, andeven stories. Arranging several pictures together in a logicalform would create a story. The Maya covered their citiesand buildings with hieroglyphs carved into the stone. Mostof the May a could read some hieroglyphs, but the priestsand nobles were the only people who actually hadknowledge of the consummate language. The Maya would alsouse quills made of turkey feathers to write in books madeof soft bark taken from a type of fig tree. Religion was theaffection of the Mayan life. Mayans believed that there weretwo levels of the world. The first level was the physicalworld and the second was the spiritual world, whichconsisted of the old dead ancestors, ...

The Distortion of Indonesian Culture :: essays research papers

I.PendahuluanKebudayaan,adalah sebuah pola yang terintegrasi dari pengetahuan manusia, kepercayaan, dan perilaku. Kebudayaan, dapat didefinisikan, berisi bahasa, ide-ide, kepercayaan, kebiasaan,larangan-larangan, hukum,institusi, teknik, hasil karya seni, ritual, seremoni dan komponen lainnya yang terkait. Perkembangan kebudayaan tergantung kepada kapasitas manusia untuk belajar dan menerima pengetahuan yang kemudian diwariskan kepada generasinya.1Dengan melihat kebudayaan, sebagai contoh kebudayaan Jepang, atau kebudayaan Barat dapat dilihat nilai-nilai yang memiliki banyak perbedaan yang dijalankan didalam kedua masyarakat yang disebutkan diatas.Kebudayaan barat membentuk masyarakat yang memiliki keterbukaan, critical thinking, dsb. Di Jepang terbentuk masyarakat yang masih menganggap nilai-nilai luhur nenek moyangnya, dan nilai kekeluargaan sebagai pegangan.Kebudayaan terbentuk melalui pola-pola hidup yang diterapkan oleh masyarakat, yang dipengaruhi oleh kondisi internal dan ek sternal masyarakat itu sendiri. Dalam kondisi internal, bentuk kebudayaan dipengaruhi oleh hubungan kekerabatan, seremonial, bahasa, hukum dsb. Oleh kondisi internal, kebudayaan dipengaruhi oleh lingkungan geografis, dan oleh berbagai faktor, kebudayaan lain yang mempengaruhi kebudayaan tersebut. Kebudayaan yang kemudian membentuk masyarakat selanjutnya. Namun, kebudayaan tidak lantas terus-menerus sebagai panutan statis pembentuk masyarakat tetapi juga dibentuk lagi oleh masyarakat. Hal ini adalah proses kreasi-interaksi antara budaya dan masyarakat. Budaya sangat berpengaruh, budaya mencerminkan pengalaman sejarah suatu bangsa, yang tertanam dalam tradisi mereka, dan membentuk sikap dan pengharapan mereka terhadap dunia. Budaya bisa menjadi pendorong atau beban yang menghambat atau mempercepat perubahan2Dengan membicarakan kebudayaan di Indonesia, cukup rumit memang untuk memahami keseluruhan budaya di Indonesia melihat Indonesia yang multietnis dan multilinguistik, dapat disimpul kan bahwa kebudayaan di Indonesia sangat beraneka ragam dan rumit. Jika ditelusuri lagi, melihat kebudayaan masyarakat Indonesia, berarti kita harus melihat kembali proses sejarah perkembangan suku-bangsa di Indonesia, dari zaman perunggu, besi, zaman pra-tradisonal, zaman tradisional, pra-modern, dan akhirnya masyarakat modern kontemporer yang ada sekarang ini. Masyarakat suku-bangsa di Indonesia telah melewati banyak tahap-tahap kreasi-interaksi kebudayaan seperti yang disebut diatas tersebut. Mulai dari scope internal di antara suku-suku bangsa indonesia sendiri, maupun oleh pengaruh eksternal kebudayaan kolonial yang menjajah bangsa ini selama tiga setengah abad. Kemudian kesadaran para pemuda-pemuda lintas etnik yang menyepakati kesatuan budaya-budaya Indonesia yang beraneka-ragam dalam sumpah pemuda 28 Oktober 1928 dan mencapai puncaknya pada kemerdekaan bangsa ini sebagai suatu bangsa yang berdaulat penuh. Namun dinamika kebudayaan Indonesia tidak sampai di sini, masyarakat k ontemporer Indonesia masih mempengaruhi kebudayaan Indonesia masa mendatang yang memang tetap rumit.Apa yang akan saya angkat pada essai singkat saya tentang kebudayaan Indonesia adalah sedikit dari kerumitan yang ada dalam kebudayaan Indonesia dalam interaksinya dengan masyarakat lain yang memiliki kebudayaan yang lain pula. Pada essai ini saya menanggap bahwa kebudayaan Indonesia telah sangat terdistorsi oleh kebudayaan lain yang mempengaruhi kebudayaan dasar bangsa Indonesia yang baik,seperti budaya gotong-royong, kekeluargaan dan sebagainya.

Saul Essay -- Religion, God

Change is inevitable. However, whether the change is good or bad depends on the individual. In the bible, Saul is described, at first, to be a handsome man, and that there was not a more handsome person than he among the songs of Israel from his shoulders and up he was taller than any of the people, an image that appears the around fit for a king (1 Samuel 92). Conveniently, due to the peoples complaints and want of a king, Samuel finds Saul, the son of Kish from the tribe of Benjamites, with the help of Gods commission and Saul is anointed as the first king of Israel. As king, Saul exploits valiant roles in battles and leads Israel with confidence, nonetheless, as time goes on, Saul begins to undergo a transformation that depart bring him closer to his darker side with every sin stacking on top of the previous flaw. It all appears to begin when Saul disobeys Gods orders, told through Samuel, to demolish all the Amalekites, by sparing the Agags life, best livestock, and keeping o nto the good things (1 Samuel 159). The change that Saul experiences is shaped by his flaws greed, jealously, selfishness that permeates his character, eventually leading to his demise. number 1 off, Sauls strengths before his change include being self-sufficient and having a strong grip on Israel. Saul is a character that seems to make do for himself in risky situations, such as when Saul was in a war with the Philistines, he waited for Samuel but when Samuel was delayed in his coming to Gilgal, Saul took matters into his suffer hands to please the Israelites, who were restless (1 Samuel 138-9). In addition, Saul is in command as king and holds true to his role, as he responds to the needs of Israelites yet he holds power to have the people obey his words... ...o that he can keep an eye on him and kill him when the time is right (1 Samuel 1821). Lastly, the nearly apparent flaw is jealously, that takes root when he hears the people say Saul has slain his thousands, And David his ten thousands (1 Samuel 18-7) and flourishes as he no longer is the anointed king by God. For example, Saul is overcome with anger and jealously that he just throws a spear at David, while David is playing the harp for him (1 Samuel 1810-11). Additionally, Saul continues to pursuit David out of spite and pure jealously and relentlessly targets David, even calling him an enemy, when his own daughter lets him go (1 Samuel 19 17). This is Sauls most redoubted flaw and irreversible turning point in his transformation, as he loses control of a logical mind, even hurling a spear at his own son Jonathan for letting David go (1 Samuel 2033).

Saul Essay -- Religion, God

Change is inevitable. However, whether the modify is good or bad depends on the individual. In the bible, Saul is described, at first, to be a handsome man, and that in that respect was not a more handsome person than he among the songs of Israel from his shoulders and up he was taller than any of the sight, an image that appears the most fit for a nance (1 Samuel 92). Conveniently, due to the peoples complaints and want of a king, Samuel finds Saul, the son of Kish from the tribe of Benjamites, with the help of Gods guidance and Saul is anointed as the first king of Israel. As king, Saul exploits valiant roles in battles and leads Israel with confidence, yet, as time goes on, Saul begins to undergo a transformation that will bring him closer to his darker side with either sin stacking on top of the previous flaw. It all appears to begin when Saul disobeys Gods orders, told through Samuel, to destroy all the Amalekites, by sparing the Agags life, best livestock, and keeping onto the good things (1 Samuel 159). The change that Saul experiences is shaped by his flaws greed, enviously, selfishness that permeates his character, eventually leading to his demise.First off, Sauls strengths before his change include being self-sufficient and having a strong grip on Israel. Saul is a character that seems to fend for himself in risky situations, such as when Saul was in a war with the Philistines, he waited for Samuel but when Samuel was delayed in his coming to Gilgal, Saul took matters into his own hands to please the Israelites, who were restless (1 Samuel 138-9). In addition, Saul is in command as king and holds true to his role, as he responds to the needs of Israelites yet he holds power to have the people obey his words... ...o that he can keep an eye on him and kill him when the time is right (1 Samuel 1821). Lastly, the most apparent flaw is jealously, that takes root when he hears the people say Saul has slain his thousands, And David his ten thousan ds (1 Samuel 18-7) and flourishes as he no longer is the anointed king by God. For example, Saul is overcome with anger and jealously that he just throws a spear at David, while David is playing the harp for him (1 Samuel 1810-11). Additionally, Saul continues to pursuit David out of spite and pure jealously and relentlessly targets David, even calling him an enemy, when his own daughter lets him go (1 Samuel 19 17). This is Sauls most dangerous flaw and irreversible turning decimal point in his transformation, as he loses control of a logical mind, even hurling a spear at his own son Jonathan for letting David go (1 Samuel 2033).

The Host Chapter 5: Uncomforted

Hello there, Wanderer Wont you take a seat and make yourself at home?I hesitated on the brink of the Comforters office, one foot in and one foot out.She smiled, fitting a tiny movement at the corners of her mouth. It was some(prenominal) easier to read facial expressions now the shrimpy muscle twitches and shifts had become familiar by means of months of exposure. I could see that the Comforter found my reluctance a bit amusing. At the same time, I could sense impression her frustration that I was unagitated uneasy coming to her.With a quiet sigh of resignation, I walked into the small brightly colored room and took my usual seat-the bombastic red one, the one farthest from where she sat.Her lips pursed.To avoid her gaze, I st bed by dint of the open windows at the clouds scuttling past the sun. The faint tang of ocean brine blew softly through the room.So, Wanderer. Its been a while since youve come to see me.I met her eye guiltily. I did leave a message about that last ap pointment. I had a scholarly person who requested some of my timeYes, I know. She smiled the tiny smile again. I got your message.She was attractive for an older woman, as mankinds went. Shed allow her hair stay a natural gray-it was soft, tending toward white rather than silver, and she wore it gigantic, pulled back in a loose ponytail. Her eyes were an interesting green color Id never seen on whateverone else.Im sorry, I verbalise, since she seemed to be waiting for a response.Thats all right. I understand. Its difficult for you to come here. You wish so much that it wasnt necessary. Its never been necessary for you before. This frightens you.I stared lot at the wooden floor. Yes, Comforter.I know Ive asked you to call me Kathy.Yes Kathy.She laughed lightly. You are not at ease with human names yet, are you, Wanderer?No. To be honest, it seems standardised a surrender.I looked up to see her nod slowly. Well, I can understand why you, especially, would feel that mode.I swa llowed loudly when she said that, and stared again at the floor.Lets talk about something easier for a moment, Kathy suggested. Do you continue to enjoy your Calling?I do. This was easier. Ive begun a new semester. I wondered if it would cast down tiresome, repeating the same material, just so far it doesnt. Having new ears makes the stories new again.I hear good things about you from Curt. He consecrates your class is among the most requested at the university.My cheeks warmed a bit at this praise. Thats nice to hear. How is your partner?Curt is wonderful, thank you. Our droves are in excellent shape for their ages. We have many years ahead of us, I think.I was curious if she would stay on this world, if she would move to another human host when the time came, or if she would leave. provided I didnt want to ask any questions that mogul move us into the more difficult areas of discussion.I enjoy teaching, I said instead. Its somewhat related to my Calling with the See Weeds, s o that makes it easier than something unfamiliar. Im indebted(predicate) to Curt for requesting me.Theyre lucky to have you. Kathy smiled warmly. Do you know how rare it is for a Professor of History to have experienced even two artificial satellites in the platform? Yet youve lived a term on almost all of them. And the Origin, to boot There isnt a school on this planet that wouldnt love to steal you onward from us. Curt plots moods to keep you busy so you have no time to consider moving.Honorary Professor, I corrected her.Kathy smiled and then took a sound breath, her smile fading. You havent been to see me in so long, I was wondering if your problems were resolving themselves. But then it occurred to me that perhaps the reason for your absence was that they were getting worse.I stared down at my manuss and said nothing.My hands were light cook-a tan that never faded whether I spent time in the sun or not. atomic number 53 dark freckle marked the splutter just above my lef t wrist. My nails were cut short. I dis want the feeling of long nails. They were unpleasant when they brushed the skin wrong. And my fingers were so long and thin-the added length of fingernails made them look strange. Even for a human.She cleared her throat after a minute. Im guessing my intuition was right.Kathy. I said her name slowly. Stalling. Why did you keep your human name? Did it make you feel more at one? With your host, I mean? I would have homogeneousd to know about Curts choice as well, exclusively it was such a personal question. It would have been wrong to ask anyone besides Curt for the answer, even his partner. I worried that Id already been too impolite, but she laughed.Heavens, no, Wanderer. Havent I told you this? Hmm. peradventure not, since its not my job to talk, but to listen. Most of the souls I speak with dont imply as much encouragement as you do. Did you know I came to Earth in one of the very first show upments, before the human beings had any ide a we were here? I had human neighbors on both sides. Curt and I had to pretend to be our hosts for several years. Even after wed colonized the immediate area, you never knew when a human might be near. So Kathy just became who I was. Besides, the translation of my former name was fourteen words long and did not shorten prettily. She grinned. The sunlight slant through the window caught her eyes and sent their silver green reflection dancing on the wall. For a moment, the emerald irises glowed iridescent.Id had no idea that this soft, cozy woman had been a part of the front line. It took me a minute to process that. I stared at her, surprised and suddenly more respectful. Id never taken Comforters very seriously-never had a need before now. They were for those who struggled, for the weak, and it shamed me to be here. Knowing Kathys history made me feel slightly less awkward with her. She understood strength.Did it bother you? I asked. Pretending to be one of them?No, not really. You see, this host was a lot to get used to-there was so much that was new. Sensory overload. Following the set pattern was quite as much as I could handle at first.And Curt You chose to stay with your hosts spouse? After it was over?This question was more pointed, and Kathy grasped that at once. She shifted in her seat, force her legs up and folding them under her. She gazed sentimentfully at a spot just over my head as she answered.Yes, I chose Curt-and he chose me. At first, of course, it was random chance, an assignment. We bonded, naturally, from spending so much time together, sharing the danger of our mission. As the universitys president, Curt had many contacts, you see. Our house was an insertion facility. We would entertain often. Humans would come through our door and our kind would leave. It all had to be very quick and quiet-you know the violence these hosts are prone to. We lived every day with the knowledge that we could meet a final end at any moment. There was consta nt excitement and frequent fear.All very good reasons why Curt and I might have formed an attachment and decided to stay together when secrecy was no longer necessary. And I could lie to you, assuage your fears, by telling you that these were the reasons. But She shook her head and then seemed to settle deeper into her chair, her eyes boring into me. In so many millennia, the humans never did figure love out. How much is physical, how much in the mind? How much accident and how much fate? Why did perfect matches crumble and impossible couples thrive? I dont know the answers any mitigate than they did. Love simply is where it is. My host loved Curts host, and that love did not die when the ownership of the minds changed.She watched me carefully, reacting with a slight frown when I slumped in my seat.Melanie still grieves for Jared, she stated.I felt my head nod without willing the action.You grieve for him.I closed my eyes.The dreams continue? either night, I mumbled.Tell me about t hem. Her voice was soft, persuasive.I dont like to think about them.I know. Try. It might help.How? How will it help to tell you that I see his face every time I close my eyes? That I wake up and cry when hes not there? That the memories are so strong I cant separate hers from mine anymore?I halt abruptly, clenching my teeth.Kathy pulled a white handkerchief from her pocket and offered it to me. When I didnt move, she got up, walked over to me, and dropped it in my lap. She sat on the arm of my chair and waited.I held on stubbornly for one-half a minute. Then I snatched the little square of fabric angrily and wiped my eyes.I hate this.Everybody cries their first year. These emotions are so impossible. Were all children for a bit, whether we think that or not. I used to tear up every time I saw a pretty sunset. The taste of peanut butter would sometimes do that, too. She patted the top of my head, then trailed her fingers gently through the lock of hair I al sorts kept tucked behin d my ear.Such pretty, shiny hair, she noted. Every time I see you its shorter. Why do you keep it that way?Already in tears, I didnt feel like I had much gravitas to defend. Why claim that it was easier to care for, as I usually did? After all, Id come here to confess and get help-I might as well get on with it.It bothers her. She likes it long.She didnt gasp, as I half expected she would. Kathy was good at her job. Her response was only a second late and only slightly incoherent.You She shes still that put?The appalling truth tumbled from my lips. When she wants to be. Our history bores her. Shes more dormant while Im working. But shes there, all right. Sometimes I feel like shes as present as I am. My voice was only a whisper by the time I was done.Wanderer Kathy exclaimed, horrified. Why didnt you tell me it was that bad? How long has it been this way?Its getting worse. Instead of fading, she seems to be growing stronger. Its not as bad as the Healers case yet-we spoke of Kevin , do you remember? She hasnt taken control. She wont. I wont let that happen The pitch of my voice climbed.Of course it wont happen, she assured me. Of course not. But if youre this unhappy, you should have told me earlier. We need to get you to a Healer.It took me a moment, emotionally distract as I was, to understand.A Healer? You want me to skip?No one would think badly of that choice, Wanderer. Its understood, if a host is defective -Defective? Shes not defective. I am. Im too weak for this world My head fell into my hands as the humiliation washed through me. Fresh tears welled in my eyes.Kathys arm settled around my shoulders. I was struggling so hard to control my wild emotions that I didnt pull away, though it felt too intimate.It bothered Melanie, too. She didnt like organism hugged by an alien.Of course Melanie was very much present in this moment, and unbearably smug as I finally admitted to her power. She was gleeful. It was always harder to control her when I was distr acted by emotion like this.I tried to calm myself so that I would be able-bodied to put her in her place.You are in my place. Her thought was faint but intelligible. How much worse it was getting she was strong enough to speak to me now whenever she wished. It was as bad as that first minute of consciousness.Go away. Its my place now.Never.Wanderer, dear, no. You are not weak, and we both know that.Hmph.Listen to me. You are strong. Surprisingly strong. Our kind are always so much the same, but you exceed the norm. Youre so brave it astonishes me. Your past lives are a testament to that.My past lives maybe, but this life? Where was my strength now?But humans are more individualized than we are, Kathy went on. Theres quite a range, and some of them are much stronger than others. I truly believe that if anyone else had been put into this host, Melanie would have crushed them in days. maybe its an accident, maybe its fate, but it appears to me that the strongest of our kind is being hosted by the strongest of theirs.Doesnt say much for our kind, does it?She heard the implication behind my words. Shes not winning, Wanderer. You are this lovely person beside me. Shes just a shadow in the corner of your mind.She speaks to me, Kathy. She still thinks her own thoughts. She still keeps her secrets.But she doesnt speak for you, does she? I doubt I would be able to say as much in your place.I didnt respond. I was feeling too miserable.I think you should consider reimplantation.Kathy, you just said that she would crush a contrastive soul. I dont know if I believe that-youre probably just trying to do your job and comfort me. But if she is so strong, it wouldnt be fair to hand her off to someone else because I cant subdue her. Who would you choose to take her on?I didnt say that to comfort you, dear.Then what -I dont think this host would be considered for reuse.OhA shiver of horror jolted down my spine. And I wasnt the only one who was staggered by the idea.I was immed iately repulsed. I was no quitter. Through the long revolutions around the suns of my last planet-the world of the See Weeds, as they were known here-I had waited. Though the permanence of being rooted began to wear long before Id thought it would, though the lives of the See Weeds would measure in centuries on this planet, I had not skipped out on the life term of my host. To do so was wasteful, wrong, ungrateful. It mocked the very plaza of who we were as souls. We made our worlds better places that was absolutely essential or we did not deserve them.But we were not wasteful. We did make whatever we took better, more peaceful and beautiful. And the humans were brutish and ungovernable. They had killed one another so frequently that clear up had been an accepted part of life. The various tortures theyd devised over the few millennia theyd lasted had been too much for me I hadnt been able to bear even the dry official overviews. Wars had raged over the face of nearly every contine nt. Sanctioned murder, ordered and viciously effective. Those who lived in peaceful nations had looked the other way as members of their own species starved on their doorstep. There was no equality to the distribution of the planets bounteous resources. Most vile yet, their offspring-the next generation, which my kind nearly adore for their promise-had all too often been victims of heinous crimes. And not just at the hands of strangers, but at the hands of the caretakers they were entrusted to. Even the huge sphere of the planet had been put into jeopardy through their careless and greedy mistakes. No one could compare what had been and what was now and not admit that Earth was a better place thanks to us.You murder an entire species and then pat yourselves on the back.My hands balled up into fists.I could have you disposed of, I reminded her.Go ahead. Make my murder official.I was bluffing, but so was Melanie.Oh, she thought she wanted to die. Shed thrown herself into the elevator shaft, after all. But that was in a moment of panic and defeat. To consider it sedately from a comfortable chair was something else altogether. I could feel the adrenaline-adrenaline called into being by her fear-shoot through my limbs as I contemplated switching to a more pliant body.It would be nice to be alone again. To have my mind to myself. This world was very pleasant in so many novel ways, and it would be wonderful to be able to appreciate it without the distractions of an angry, displaced nonentity who should have had better sense than to linger unwanted this way.Melanie squirmed, figuratively, in the recesses of my head as I tried to consider it rationally. Maybe I should give upThe words themselves made me flinch. I, Wanderer, give up? Quit? Admit failure and try again with a weak, spineless host who wouldnt give me any trouble?I shook my head. I could barely stand to think of it.And this was my body. I was used to the feel of it. I liked the way the muscles moved over t he bones, the bend of the joints and the pull of the tendons. I knew the reflection in the mirror. The sun-browned skin, the high, sharp bones of my face, the short silk cap of mahogany hair, the muddy green brown hazel of my eyes-this was me.I wanted myself. I wouldnt let what was mine be destroyed.

Windshield Survey Reflection

Researching and visual observations of the biotic fraternity that one lives in is a true eye opener. I subscribe chosen to interrogation and conduct a Windshield survey in the town that I have lived in for the past three years. I was surprised at the issue forth of selective information that I was obtained by driving around, observing, asking questions, and conducting research online. Several areas of concern that have a potential to affect the wellness of the community were set obesity, diabetes, and the increase exposure to carbon monoxide poisoning.The two areas that I will focus my study on are obesity and carbon monoxide poisoning. Three community cheer diagnosis that I have arrived at are one, Risk for associated health complications related to obesity, two, Risk for poisoning related to exposure to carbon monoxide inhalation and three, famine knowledge related to health risks of smoke. As telld by Advameg, Inc. , 2003-2010, obesity in this community is 19. 6%, whic h is compared to a enjoin of 23. 3% in the state of New Jersey. Health complications are a concern in this nation related to obesity.It is not clear why this community has a high rate of obesity as this community has a large population of educated blue-collar worker, which does not fit the typical population of obesity. Obesity in the democracy is on a rise, and this may be related to the lack of education on healthy eating habits and influences in the media with ads and commercials from food vendors. Education is important to this population and help oneselfing them with alternative options. A nursing intervention would be to implement a group meeting inside the community for obesity education.During these meetings discussions on different tilt loss methods, complications associated with obesity, diet suggestions, and increase physical activity options would be helpful. Several partnerships may be made with this community such as Weight Watchers. attribute meetings in the bor ough hall with this weight loss group within the town will encourage the community to be involved because it is brought to them. These interventions will have a positive effect on the community to help reduce the incidence of obesity among adults.Risk for poisoning related to exposure to carbon monoxide inhalation is the second community nursing diagnosis that I have chosen because the carbon monoxide rate is above the average for the country. Advameg Inc. , 2003-2010, states that the carbon monoxide level for the country is 0. 334 ppm and for Dumont it is 0. 422 ppm. As a community nurse it is important to intervene and formulate a plan of action to help reduce the exposure to carbon monoxide within the homes of this community.Performing a risk judgement is a start, going into individual family homes, especially with elders and children and reviewing any tests that may have been performed and visual observation of the environment will gain knowledge on where to begin. The almost proximal exposures are in the home environment, such as appliances that leak high levels of carbon monoxide or damp home materials that harbor molds (Barnes et al. , 2010, para. 3). Education within the families of the community is important to reducing the exposure. By working in the most proximal environment where environmental exposures occur, the intervention has greater specificity in addressing risks tailored to all(prenominal) familys needs (Barnes et al. , 2010, para. 3). Providing the families with educational material and organizations that may help is important. A partnership with the health care provider of the individual or family is beneficial in this area. The health care provider can assist with the educational material on the dangerous of such exposures and signs and symptoms.The Environmental Protection Agency may also assist with protection of individuals who are within a community that has high levels of exposure to carbon monoxide. Several websites can be asses sed for information and decreasing exposures such as the Centers for Disease Control. Deficit knowledge related to health risks of smoking. Not only are individuals unaware of the risks that they are imposing on themselves in relations to smoking but they are unaware of the risks that they are placing on the individuals within the community.One of the Healthy People 2020 health indictors is tobacco use. In this community they can benefit from raising awareness of the negative effects of smoking not only to the individual smoking but the people that surround them. Public education with flyers, posters, and visiting schools to steer individuals who smoke and those that dont to help encourage people to stop smoking would be a way that I would reach out to the community. Providing information at the borough hall would be another way to get the word out to individuals in the community to help keep the town smoke free.Partnerships with the American Cancer Society can be made to help edu cate the individuals on the risks that they are placing themselves and others at by smoking. Several other organizations are in stock(predicate) to help individuals quit such as their primary health care providers or websites smokefree. gov. As in any community there are numerous risk associated with living in that particular community. Other factors that affect the community are the cultures that may congregate within them. A community more culturally diverse will see many different health concerns that a community which is not as diverse.According to The Office of Minority Health (2010), The Office is employ to improving the health of racial and ethnic minority populations through the development of health policies and programs that will help eliminate health disparities (About OMH, para. 1). They partnership with community that have a higher incidence of diseases among specific cultures such as African American, Asian, and Hispanic, to name a few. In Dumont I have found based on my windshield survey and research, there is not a wide range of cultures as approximately 67% of the population is white alone (Advameg, Inc. 2003-2010). In conducting the windshield survey, I could determine the areas of concern for the community that I reside in and how I may help to reduce the exposures and risks to myself and my family. Because I am a nurse it does not mean that I always have an open eye to what is going on around me. Several risk factors which I was unaware of world exposed to have given me the motivation to make changes within the community. The community partnered with other community and agencies will make a positive step to forward motion and prevention of health disparities.

Cost, Access, and Quality Essay

*Access to bid may be defined as the timely white plague of needed, affordable, convenient, acceptable, and effective personal wellness services.Accessibility refers to the fit between the location of a provider and the location of patients.*Administrative costs be costs associated with the management of the financing, insurance, delivery, and payment functions. These costs include management of the enrollment process, setting up contracts with providers, claims processing, habit monitoring, denials and appeals, and marketing and promotional expenses.*An all-payer system requires the participation of all major health complaint payers in a nationwide cost-containment program. APG stands for ambulatory patient groups, which ar based on a patient classification and payment system designed to identify and explain the amount and type of resources used in an ambulatory visit. Patients in an APG have similar clinical characteristics, similar resource use, and similar cost.*clinical practice sharpen line of productss (also called medical practice guidelines) are explicit descriptions representing preferred clinical processes. They are standardized guidelines in the form of scientifically established protocols designed to guide physicians clinical decisions.*Competition refers to rivalry among sellers for customers. In health care delivery, it means that providers of health care services would try to attract patients who have the ability to claim from several different providers. Although competition more commonly refers to price competition, it may also be based on technical tone of voice, amenities, access, or other factors.*Cost-efficiency evaluates the family relationship between increasing medical exp circumstanceinationitures/risks and improvements in health levels. A service is cost-efficient when the benefit received is greater than the cost incurred in providing the service or the potential health risks from additional services.*Cost shifting refe rs to the ability of providers to make up for lost revenues in one area by increasing utilization or charging higher prices in other areas.*Critical pathways are case specific plans of medical care that identify along a time line w ho will provide what interventions and what the expected outcomes would be.*Demand-side incentives refer to the cost-sharing mechanisms that place a larger cost burden on consumers, thus encouraging consumers to be more cost conscious in selecting the insurance plan that best serves their ask and more judicious in their utilization.*Defensive care for is the practice of medicine that involves prescribing tests and services that are not medically justified but are likely to protect physicians against possible malpractice lawsuits.*Fraud involves a knowing disregard for the truth. It broadly speaking occurs when billing claims or cost reports are intentionally falsified. It includes pro vision of ser vices that are not medically necessary and billing for ser vices that were not provided.*Outcome is the end result obtained from utilizing the structure and processes of health care delivery. Outcomes are often viewed as the bottom-line measure of the effectiveness of the health care delivery system.*Overutilization occurs when the costs or risks of handling outweigh the benefits and yet additional care is delivered.*The term peer review refers to the general process of medical review of utilization and quality w hen it is carried out directly or under the supervision of physicians.*PRO stands for peer review organization. PROs are state-wide private organizations composed of practicing physicians and other health care professionals who are paid by the federal government to review the care provided to Medicare beneficiaries to determine whether care is reasonable, necessary, and provided in the most appropriate setting.*Quality has been defined as the degree to which health services for individuals and populations increase the likeliho od of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge.*Quality opinion refers to the measurement of quality against an established standard.*Quality assurance is a step beyond quality assessment and is synonymous with quality improvement. It is the process of institutionalizing quality through ongoing assessment and using the results of assessment for regular quality improvement (CQI).*Reliability reflects the extent to which the same results occur from repeated applications of a measure.*Risk management consists of proactive efforts to proscribe adverse events related to clinical care and facilities operations and is especially focused on avoiding medical malpractice.*Small area variations refer to the unexplained variations in the treatment patterns for similar patients and health conditions in different parts of the country.*Supply-side regulation typically refers to antitrust laws in the U.S., whichprohibit business practices that stifle competit ion among providers, such as price fixing, price discrimination, exclusive contracting arrangements, and mergers deemed anticompetitive by the Department of Justice.*A top-down control over total health expenditures establishes budgets for entire sectors of the health care delivery system. Funds are distributed to providers in accordance with these global budgets. Thus, total spending re primary(prenominal)s within pre-established budget limits. The downside to this approach is that, under fixed budgets, providers are not as responsive to patient needs, and the system provides little incentive to be efficient in the delivery of services. Once budgets are expended, providers are constrained to cut back services, particularly for illnesses that are not life-threatening or do not represent an emergency.*TQM stands for total quality management and is synonymous with continuous quality improvement (CQI). It is an integrative management concept of continuously improving the quality of del ivered goods and services through the participation of all levels and functions of the organization to meet the needs and expectations of the customer.*Underutilization occurs when the benefits of an intervention outweigh the risks or costs, yet the intervention is not used.*The validity of a scale is the extent to which it actually assesses what it purports to measure.REVIEW QUESTIONS1. What are the two main objectives of this chapter?2. What are the three major cornerstones of health care delivery?3. What is meant by the term health care costs? Describe the three different meanings of the term cost.4. Why should the United States control the rising costs of health care?5. Name and describe the 9 major factors contributing to the high costs of health care.6. What is a third-party payment/reimbursement?7. Explain how, under imperfect market conditions, both prices and quantity of health care are higher than they would be in a highly competitive market.8. Discuss price controls and t heir effectiveness in controlling health care expenditures.9. Discuss the role of PROs (peer review organizations) in cost containment.10. What are the two competition-based cost-containment strategies?11. What does access to care mean?12. What are the implications of access for health and healthcare delivery?13. What is the role of enabling and predisposing factors in access to care?14. What are some of the implications of the definition of quality proposed by the Institute of Medicine? In what way is the definition incomplete?15. Discuss the dimensions of quality from the micro- and macro-perspectives.16. Discuss the main developments in process improvement that have occurred in recent years.

Poem: “Mr. Bleaney” by Philip Larkin Essay

The metrical composition Mr Bleaney has three characters Mr Bleaney the house owner and the new live, save centres around the life of one character, Mr Bleaney. The poem focuses on the house in which Mr Bleaney had a rented room for a number of years, until he moved push through, or perhaps died. A new tenant is introduced to the vacated room, and he decides to stay. From the description of his old room and its contents, we ar able to paint a picture of Mr Bleaneys monotonous existence and lifestyle. There is great irony in that he fails to realise that by scatty to live in the marked room of Mr Bleaney, and by acquiring his habits, he is in fact a replica of the figure he contemplates and condemns although in the exist two stanzas there is a suggested subconscious dread that he is following in the same footsteps as Mr Bleaney.Mr Bleaney has seven stanzas, each with four lines, formed with an tack together rhyming scheme. It is written in iambic pentameters.The very name Blea ney immediately gives a feel of dull blandness, of dreariness and a lack of energy, spirit, colour and light. A Mr Bleaney would perhaps then be a sad, hopeless man, whose boring life is almost a non-event. We never actually get to meet Mr Bleaney in the poem, but we get to escort a lot about him and are left at the end with the feeling that we have. It says in the poem, How we live measures our nature, and if this is true, then Mr Bleaney certainly deserves his name.The poem centres on a description of the room to let, where Mr Bleaney lived for a number of years. The room has Mr Bleaney stamped all over it his few possessions (a souvenir plate and ashtray), still litter what circumstantial space there is. Alliteration adds to the blandness of the room he lived in, with the phrase same saucer-souvenir, which is effective as it emphasises the blandness and flatness in the room. It has no lamp shade nor curtain hook curtains too short furnished minimally with solely a bed and uprig ht chair, leaving no place to relax nor rig belongings or ornaments there is no colour, leaving the room void of character and personality.Even the view from the window depicts a barren, derelict and littered structure site. This incredibly sad and simple abode would suggest a life of poverty. Line two instanza one mentions the Bodies, which is probably a workplace, but connects in effect with the ambiguous phrase one line later Till they moved him, which could mean that he every got the sack, or died. (hence the connection with Bodies.) This kind of deliberately shadowy phrasing, which makes you stop and think, adds immensely to the atmosphere.The third stanza begins with another statement describing the basic standard of the room No room for books or bags, which is immediately contrasted by the new tenant accepting the lease, on the next line.It is now that the new tenant takes over the commentary. In the first stanza it was the house owner who was speaking, and the second stan za was devoted to describing the room.We now learn that Mr Bleaney was a lonely man. He probably lay on his bed most of the day and smoked, just as the new tenant is doing. He gardened, stipulation away by the landlady as she hints for the new tenant to do likewise Mr Bleaney took my bit of garden properly in hand he stayed at infrastructure a lot, enough to become sufficiently annoyed to get the landlady to buy a radio, so she would leave him alone he gambled He kept on plugging at the four-aways he had a monotonous life, his holidays being annual visits to Frinton and Stoke, not the most exciting places on earth. Mr Bleaney had for sure a dull life, set unbendable year in year out Likewise the yearly frame.From now on, after he moved in, the new tenant devotes his time to finding out about Mr Bleaney, and describing the character who emerges with a critical eye. He looks down the end of his nose at him, mocks his lifestyle and finds a sense of achievement in having deduced so m uch about him. The irony is immense we can see this new tenant identifying with Mr Bleaney by adopting the same lifestyle as he Living in the same abode stubbing his Fags on the same saucer-souvenir, (alliterated for the emphasis of monotony,) and actually becoming another Mr Bleaney. And we can stand by and watch the new tenant tag and condemn the very man he is becoming. It is almost hypocritical.In the penultimate stanza, nature is used as a comparison to Mr Bleaney, and ultimately, the new tenant too. spoken language such as frigid and fusty give an air of restraint and stiffness, and maybe impotence and lack of self belief. Personifying such words builds up a character who is dull, flat, uninspired and pathetic. It fits Mr Bleaney perfectly.The last stanza bears the moral from Philip Larkin, stating that what we do with our lives reflects our character How we live measures our own nature. Also, the mysteriousness surrounding the disappearance of Mr Bleaney is dredged up again , with the ambiguous Hired box, meaning either the rented room, or a coffin.At the very end a non committal I dont know. reminds us of the fact that the new tenant is merely presuming, and that contrary to what it seems, we dont know Mr Bleaney after all.

Mix Racial and Cultural Groups Are Growing in the United States Essay

Mixed Racial and Cultural Groups is increased by a marginal number in the unite States. The growth of these multiracial assorts started to surface by means of migration of different ethnics and elevated most of their families in the coupled States even through marriage. These are roughly of the issues that have been raised by individual people of having an entity disengagement of mixed run and cultural or to considered them as Americans without a hyphen. Thinking roughly this issue myself, and figureing of my cardinal children who married to a different ethnic rather than Samoans.These questions come to mind nearly this issue How, Why, and what the three words that needs a big description about this matter. According to multiracial Americans, Americans whose identity operator as two or more races identifies with just unitary group culturally and socially. From statistics that I got from online, stated that about 2. 9% of the population in the year 2010 are self-identif ied as multiracial. The identity or the classification of the peoples identification is generally according to the coating they were raised in.Social segregation in many areas of the country is forming interracial unions or cultural group. The diversity of social conditions through migrations brought new groups of people to the get together States. Through these migrations, mixed races started to rise when interracial marriage were born and started to increase in the United States. The movement of multiracial identity by more than one ethnicity has taken place and strong. Statistics from the year 2010 census in the United States shows that the largest multiracial groups were white and black which is 1. 8 million. The other 1.7 millions are white and near other race, white and Asian is 1. 6, white and American Indian and Alaskan Native is 1. 4 million. I have learned that the largest growing group in multiracial is white and black which is about 134%. That is more than 1 million p eople. MIX RACIAL AND CULTURAL GROUP According to Susan Saulny of the New York Times, title charge Remixed, said that sea of change is how we think about race, ethnicity and its place in society. I believe that a challenge to trend towards multiracial from a sociological perspective is a leap that we should take.The understanding of racial and ethnic categories of their boundaries can be a problem to other multiracial groups. I think that ancestry is the biggest influence in identities through a number of generations through migrations. I also believe that each multi mix or racial group should be treated the same regardless of their identity. If they are legally citizens of the United States, they have the right to be treated equally. I believe that they have contributed to the benefit and welfare of the United States through their services in employment within the government, military or private companies.Regardless of the race and ethnicity, they should be treated and considered Americans. hot seat Obama is good example of what I mean about treating them the same no matter what color of their skin or where they are from. I know that some of these mix race entities are trying to separate themselves with-in the United States but when they travel to other countries of the world, they considered be call Americans. As a citizen of New Zealand, I am proud to call myself to be an American and I respect the land that my children were born.What can the United States or these multiracial groups gain from wanting to be separated from their identity. Through my search online, I came across Mrs. Karissa Sullivas draft and she said that ancestry influences identities. She said that socialization is the crucible of racial and ethnic identity formation. Farley in 2002, construct racial and ethnic classifications which was adopted by the government for each race or reconsidered themselves to either refuse to identify their own race and ethnic category. MIX RACIAL AND CULT URAL GROUP.I believe that mix racial and cultural groups are increasing daily by the number passim the United States. However, research shows that children with an original multiracial identity grow up to be happier than those of single-race identity. Some of the statistics shows that another addition to the growth of mix race is through adoption of children from countries outside of the United States. According to Facts for Families 2010, parents are coping with these pressures in having open communications with the families about their culture and race.Encouragement and ache in every multicultural group for families to be familiar with their language, traditions and customs within their families. They have to support and try to establish a good consanguinity by creating a network for their children, parents, family member, relatives and the community. In conclusion, the separation and classifications between mix racial and multicultural groups is not an easy task or thing to do . cardinal of my children are married to different ethnic. My oldest daughter is married to an African American and my son is married to a girl who is beautiful and white but has about four or five mix blood in her.I believe in democracy and the United States is nowhere in having a separation of any mix race and cultural group who are living in the United States. God Bless America, God bless the people of the United States. References Perez, Anthony Daniel, Hirschman, Charles. The Changing Racial and Ethnic. http//www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC2882688/ The American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (March-2011). Facts for Families, no. 71 Multiracial Children. http//www. aacap. org/galleries/FactsForFamilies/71_multiracial_children. pdf Dr. Nicole Martinez and Mrs. Karissa Sullivan. May 6, 2013 .docx.

Executing Strategies in a Global Environment Essay

federal crush out, known today as FedEx was developed by Fred Smith in 1973. Mr. Smith saw ask for customer to receive packages so whizr than 1-3 business days this was the norm for express mail 40 years ago (Hill & Jones, 2013). federal official evidence changed the structure of nervous strain cargo industry and remediates on the overnight spoken communication service (Hill & Jones, 2013). In this paper, it pass on analyze value creation frontier of FedEx, determine which four edifice blocks result give competitive advantage to maintain advantageousness, its efficiency, and examine the overall competition the global industry (Hill & Jones, 2013). Analysis of Companys Value invention FrontierFedEx accomplished it value creation frontier with innovation. The founder saw that there was a need for faster and more reliable express delivery service. FedEx competitors offered 1-3 day deliveries shipments, but didnt take into consideration residential customers or businesses tha t would need their shipments sooner. Mr. Smith saw this need, but it couldnt be accomplished by sharing air space on commercial flights. On commercial flights passengers were first and the space that was left was divided amongst the competitors. For his vision to be achieved he required his own fleet of cargo jets (Hill & Jones, 2013). Federal hold founder started with the higher end of competitive advantage which is differentiation. Mr. Smith invested $91 million dollars of venture enceinte plus $4 million dollar of inheritance funds, which he used to purchase an aircraft company in Little Rock, Arkansas.He started using the aircraft to deliver envelopes and grim packages overnight within the United States (Ecommerce, n.d.). Mr. Smith didnt give the official name Federal Express until 1973. He brought the operation closer to home, which was Memphis, Tennessee. The business was run out of Memphis International Airport. By this time the company owned 14 Dassault Falcon Airplanes and he employed 400 workers (Ecommerce, n.d.). The next step for Federal Express was innovation. Mr. Smith launched a direct mail advertising promotion to increase the exposure of the company. With the government loosening the airline regulations, it made it permissible for federal Express to use bigger aircrafts such as Boeing 727s and take advantage of more flexible flight schedules (Ecommerce, n.d.).In 1979 Federal Express started using a centralize computer systemto track packages, routes, weather, vehicles, and employees. A short time after, a digitally assisted dispatch system was put in place for clients to electronically request pickups (Ecommerce, n.d.). For quality and excellence Federal Express understood the clients expectation and started tailoring their service to fit those needs. For example the bigger clients, they started trapping merchandise to make shipments upon request. Federal Express held 43 percent of the delivery transportation market, in contrast to its rival UPS in the 1990s (Ecommerce, n.d.).In commit for Federal Express to maintain above average profitability, they should concentrate on two phases which are efficiency and quality. Federal Express has five pillars for increasing profitability which are making personnel functions and processes more efficient, update their air fleet, convert U.S. domestic network, increase international profits, and enlarge service offerings (Annual report, 2013). The focus for Federal Express is the customer. The customers requests are very important to the companys strategy to operate focused systems which function independently, compete collectively, and are directd collaboratively. Because Federal Express unique present allows them to fine tune networks without compromising service to customers, their solution act to be superior and they can act in response to marketplace changes quickly and efficiently (Annual reports, 2013).Maintaining Edge RivalsProduct DifferentiationProduct differenti ation is the development of designing products or services to satisfy the needs of the customers. Companies maintain a competitive acuity over their rivals when it creates, makes, and sell products in the same industry (Hill & Jones, 2013). Federal Express has developed an express delivery service that is better than its rivals. Their service caters not just now to big and small businesses, but withal residential clients. Packages are getting to their destination faster, not just in the United States, but internationally. The ability to digitally track your package from first phase to the last phase of delivery give clients confidence that FedEx understand their needs and it builds trust (Hill & Jones, 2013). CapacityControl crimson though non-price competition helps constituted industries avoid cutthroat price cutting that reduces company and industry levels of profitability, price competition does occasionally occur when excess cleverness exists in an industry (Hill & Jones, 2013). When a company like Federal Express cut prices rival companies will do the same thing out of tending the price cutter will be able to sell its complete inventory, while rivals will be left with surplus of goods. In so doing, this will lead to developing price wars (Hill & Jones, 2013). Federal Express would have to develop a strategy that would help them avoid this type of problem and stay forwards of its rivals. In most cases companies have two tactical choices each can independently try to preempt its rivals and take hold of the initiative, or the companies must together with find indirect means of coordinating with each other so that they are all aware of the shared effects of their actions (Hill & Jones, 2013). Business Model energy AssessmentFederal Express unique strategy works seamlessly and simultaneously on three levels. FedEx compete collectively by standing as one brand worldwide and speaking with one voice (http//www.about.van.fedex.com). The company operates i ndependently by focusing on their independent networks to meet distinct customers needs and manage collaboratively by working together to sustain loyal relations with their employees, customers, and investors (http//www.about.van.fedex.com).Each division of FedEx has created its unique niche yet work together as a whole. FedEx Corporation provides customers and businesses worldwide a broad portfolio of transportation, e-commerce, and business services. FedEx express invented express distribution and remains the industries global leader, providing rapid, reliable, and time-definite delivery to more than 220 countries and territories connecting markets that comprise more than 90 percent of the worlds gross domestic products within one to three business days (Investors, n.d.). There is still FedEx ground, freight, and services. The different divisions have been established independently meeting the needs in today businesses, but work together in this vital industry to beone voice (Inve stors, n.d.). FedEx also continues to stay ahead by quickly adapting to the changes in technology to provide better, faster service. This will cause clients to continually use their service and believe in their reliability.Impact of Global on New Business StrategyFederal Express is a well ran operation, which doesnt need any change to the system of how it conducts business. The only suggestion that can be made is to improve on existing business strategy. FedEx is efficient on functions and processes of staff, having an efficient air fleet, and dominate in U.S. and international services. Just by strengthen of these strategies FedEx can be more profitable over a three year period (Investor, n.d.). Enacting numerous initiatives to improve their staffing efficiency and work processes, Federal Express would accomplish the streamlining of key processes to reduce the time and resources it would require (Investor, n.d.). Prioritizing important actions and remove or defer functions that h ave or become redundant due to technological, operational or market driven changes. Lately, generate greater efficiencies in the global sourcing program (Investor, n.d.).By FedEx up leveling older aircraft with newer planes, there would be more cost-effective and send away-efficient aircraft, the 757 and 767 programs will create a next-generation air fleet that to a large extent reduce their run cost (Investors, n.d.). For example, based on a 750 nautical mile round trip, our trip costs will improve by up to 20% for the B757 versus A310-200 and up to 30% for the B767 versus MD10-30 (Investors, n.d.). Applying new technology and processes will advance flight and crew scheduling. Adapting to pickup and delivery operations to maximize on road productivity will cause for quicker and reliable service (Investors, n.d.). Merging of facilities and stations will be more cost effective. Refining aircraft maintenance processes will improve fuel efficiency for their aircraft and vehicle flee t. Improvements like these can be done with no compromising the exceptional service quality their customers have come to expect (Investors, n.d.).With Federal Express expanding on their business they capture growth from all parts of the global cargo market, including priority, economy, ocean and air forwarding, and critical inventory logistics focusing on (Investors, n.d.) Growing FedExInternational Priority and expanding FedEx international Transitioning FedEx International Economy shipments to third party line on certain lanes. Increasing freight forwarding and release chain capabilities for new vertical like healthcare. Leveraging European expansion for greater densities and lower costs. With FedEx concentrating on delivering the solutions for the rectify customers at the right price, they will continue to strive for the right solutions in the market place. By so doing they may hold on to the majority of their annual rate increases, utilize the revenue guidance committee to op timize yield, market share, and profitability growth (Investors, n.d.). May have to drop less profitable accounts, and then develop on small to strength customer base. Also leveraging residential revenue opportunities for their delivery managers, over time should allow for an even more dominate business (Investors, n.d.).ConclusionFederal Express has changed the face of the air cargo industry and overnight nights delivery service (Hill & Jones, 2013). The business model that FedEx put together for their company relied on the right strategy and the right people to implement the vision and the mission for the success of this company. When a business follows the strategy, makes adjustments as needed, is willing to take risk, and invest in technology you have a formula for success.

Too Big To Fail – Andrew Sorkin, Book Review

Too Big to Fail is the obligate that has most uninfected explanation event by event about the biggest financial crisis since the Great Depression. Even though Too Big to Fail is Andrew Sorkins first book, he made it possible to most of readers understand what really happened in 2008 with the failure of Lehman Brothers and the resulting misfortunes.Coming out in less than a year after the disaster, the book covered the whole catastrophic event, thanks to the meticulous research and countless interviews (made by the author) with those involved in the hassle. The title of this book basically covers what is spoken end-to-end the course of the story companies that believed to be Too Big to Fail.Sorkin starts writing about the months after the sale of Bearn Stearns that was a global investment bank and securities trading and brokerage firm sold in 2008 to JP Morgan Chase at the low price of 2$ per share then introducing us to the collapse of the Lehman Brothers and finally leading us t o the bailout or how the government officially call it TARP or Troubled Asset Relief Program, a program that was announced on 9-19-08 by Secy Paulson that basically consisted in a series of grants and outright purchases of illiquid assets that would extricate the problem areas weighing down the economy. In addition, money funds were to be guaranteed.The details that make the history so interesting are the detailed information provided by the book of the behavior, personality and way to make decisions of the main characters. Sorkin focus seems to be almost exclusively on the human failings and human suffering on Wall Street that the fall of Lehman Brothers caused. In the story there are no specific villains but locoweed of arrogant, blind and irresponsible decisions taken by some. However there are some people such as Henry Paulson, Timothy Geitner and Ben Bernake that may be considered heroes for their wise way to make decisions on pressure moments.The book would be a handy guide t o people who want a clear and cryptic picture of the series of decisions that led Lehman Brothers directly go to bankrupt and of course the resulting chaos that this situation meant to Wall Street and the rest of the world. The book pleased me in person because it was very realistic in all it was the attitude of each character on the problem itself. I liked how in some cases it became reflected how the main U. S. business leaders were unable to conceal their greed when it came defending their interests.

Waiting Fo Death – Samuel Beckett’s Waiting for Godot

Waiting for Death By Stephanie Melo Pabon Analysis on Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot. Waiting for Godot by Samuel Beckett is a play starred by Vladimir and tarragon, two men who be to sp leftover their days in a province road talking, wandering and blathering while waiting for a person they call Godot. This Godot neer appears in the story precisely they both talk about him -her, it, it is difficult to define- at the corresponding season that they look for things to do while waiting.During the two days they spend in that place just in the company of a dead tree, they have two encounters with two other men Pozzo, an aggressive that seems to be the master of the other the other piece of music is Lucky, a terribly sick and tired man that looks uniform a mistreated donkey. The last character that appears is a male child who brings messages to Vladimir and Estragon saying that he -because the boy calls him he- is not coming today and tomorrow, for sure.The setting, as I said before, is a country road with just one mound and a dead tree -a willow like they esteem it is called-, e precisething leading to a hopeless atmosphere that accompanies their endless waiting. I think reading Beckett is a in truth difficult as he takes modernism to the highest level. He really expresses stories with plot and characters through his own commission of thinking. I liked reading the play in spite of my dislike for reading plays I do not like to read the setting and the characters actions and movements in such an explicit way.This clip I was totally delighted by the characters dialogues. It was interesting to see how galore(postnominal) thoughts about their conversations, the objects they use in the story, the setting, and their physical and ad hominem description, actually arose. I read the play two times and watched one staging since the first time I had many different thoughts and topics to interpret the characters and situations they be in, these interpretation s are the ones I will be telling. The chief(prenominal) characters Estragon and Vladimir are, to me, the absurd depiction of the body and mental capacity.They both are the same person a pitiful man -Mr. Albert could be his name like the boy called Vladimir at the end of both Act I and II. Estragon is the body as he is the one with the need of relaxationing and eating. He always wants to sleep but Vladimir does not let him do it and he always wants to eat, for instance when he asks for the chicken swot up Pozzo leaves after eating in Act I, and in Act II when Pozzo falls and asks for attention but Estragon only thinks about asking him for food to eat.Vladimir is the mind as he is the most luculent one he remembers everything while Estragon never does, and he says Estragon he would be a heap of bones without him to show the dependence on each(prenominal) other. Also, at the beginning of the two Acts, Vladimir asks Estragon if he was shell again and next he assures him that if he had been with him he would not have been beaten as he is the one that can make him stop of doing things he should not do.Although they say the idea of them together is to contradict and abuse each other, they both get along well they communicate and seem to be friends. Estragon says they always find something to croak them the bear onion they exist they reason about many topics but Vladimir, the mind, is very healthy whereas Estragon is very tired all the time. The other two characters, Pozzo and Lucky, are the opposite Pozzo, the very healthy but cruel man who is the slaver of Lucky. He is ambitious to the intense of being greedy he says he has professional worries, and about beauty and grace.Lucky is the tired and sick mind of a deep person that was never satisfied with material things and I say he is rich because of the scene when Estragon asks for the chicken bones Pozzo is leaving but Pozzo says he has to ask Lucky because he is the owner. Estragon does that and Lucky d oes not answer, so Pozzo says it is ok if he takes the bones but at the same time he thinks something is wrong as he had not seen him refuse a bone before. This case means to me Luckys tiredness of always wanting everything for him, even the wastes, and Pozzos surprise for his change.The family between Pozzo and Estragon is the main topic when Vladimir and Estragon ask why Lucky does not do anything and never put down the bags he carries, and Pozzos answer is that he used to be very kind, helpful and entertaining but now he is killing me, he also says Lucky wants to impress him by doing a job is not for him. Here the mind is sick Pozzo is healthy but he is dying because of his mind while Lucky cannot bare any longer all that burden and thrust Pozzo has put on him to control him and not to let him think and decide his life is better without international pleasures and material worries.These all four characters are making an absurd portrayal of what life is. Estragon and his make do for the boots to conniption and how in the second act when he tries a pair of boots that were not of his, he says they fit and then he complains saying they are too big it is the way they refers to our constant complains of the life we go and the circumstances, bad or good, we do not want to be in, as Vladimir says There is a man all over for you, blaming on his boots the faults of his feet.This is another way to say the metaphor about the life each one has to carry about with a cross to every man his little cross till he dies and is forgotten. They both also talk about the searching of meaning when they say multitude speak always to themselves trying to determine where are these corpses and skeletons come from. They wonder if it is necessary to think or if they could have lived without it, as it was not enough just to live.Pozzo and Lucky are depicting the way parliamentary procedure is always more concerned about material things, sometimes having as priority money and th e unremarkable and superficial aspects rather than let the minds fly using the imagination and thinking beyond the banalities of the world. Also, with this two characters the mathematical operation of good deeds is visible when in Act II Pozzo falls and ask for help but Estragon prefers not to help him if he does not give anything to him in return.Vladimir compares what a tiger does to help his congeners without hesitating. Finally, as they spend their days in the same place and just looking for things to do to deliver the time, it is just an ironic criticism to the routine the life becomes at some point to the repetitive start, attempts, give up, and start again. This is just a cycle people live while for the end of the night to come, for the end of the daily routine to finish, for the death to come. When it comes they will be saved.

Key Software Applications Essay

1. Identify the key software applications used by The Tea collection.website for shopping online anatomy softwareGeo-mapping to see where the market is not over saturated with childrens clothingA derriere end nib for retailers to be place orders over the internetSoftware that was created for the come with is a tool bag in for retailers to make it easier for the ordering processing for the internet users.2. How does the Geo-mapping software help the company bewilder? Explain how sales reps use the results of the Geo-mapping system. The Tea Collection plays a role for ensuring their survival and to promote private-enterprise(a) advantage. The customer service has been well improved and It helps the organization to prepare themselves so that they can work up to a level which will allow them to be on top, at the same time it shows how the markets that they gather in already targeted are operating. It uses the software to be sufficient to sell their products online across the count ry.3. What is the main technology scrap identified in the video? How would you suggest this contest should be addressed? The main technology challenge identified in this video is the integration of the different computer systems, would suggest addressing this dispute by invest money in in-house training of the people working on integrating these systems. So that everyone in the company has the same knowledge consequently it will be easier to work together Moreover, on communication narrow employees whose task is the communication between the people working with those computer systems could enhance the working atmosphere as well as lower the time needed. It could be suggested to invest more money in technologies and in like manner in research to figure out a better integration of the computer systems. This would result in less dependency on people and therefore.4. Do you believe this company can continue to stir rapidly with the subsisting software and hardware they have demon strated in this video? Why or why not? With the active software that is available to them, the company has potential to fester. The Tea Company was able to expand its market due to the use of computer integrated systems. In an effort to expand the develop company they began using geographical mapping software to assist with sales,and with collecting data for potential tonic markets. According to the information provided and considering the development of information technologies, the smaller companies like The Tea Collection could expand and grow rapidly. Their business would not be realizable and successful without technology helps solve the problem by identifying the existing business processes, beginning with the complaint intake process and ending with the resolution of Market sales, and provided an overall of the existing CRM system based on the needs

Henri Bergson

HENRI BERGSON History of Ideas 2012 To Sir Asad Shahzad 10/21/2012 GROUP MEMBERS * AMMARAH MASROOR-12779 * ASFIA AZIZ-12718 * SYEDA AREEBA TARIQ-13055 SUBMITTED TO SIR ASAD SHAHZAD DATE 21/OCT/2012 TOPIC PAGE Henri Bergson Introduction 2 Bergsons Intuition 3 Intuition Definition, Explanation, A sm e really practice that led to Intuition 4 Example, Sinking into Intuition, Explanation 5 A nonher Example, Explanation, Intuition as Philosophical manner 6 Intuition as Philosophical Method 7Bergsons season and liberate lead 8 TABLE OF CONTENTS Time and Free Will place 9 Time 10 Past and Present 11 Free Will and Determinism 12 Bergsons Creative growth 15 Meaning of phylogenesis 16 Creative ontogeny Definition, Essence of Life, Elan Vital, Book 18 Comparison between Darwins Theory of Mechanical developing and Bergsons Theory of Creative phylogeny 19 Critics 22 References 23 HENRI BERGSONIntroduction Henri Bergson (18591941) was angiotensin converting enzyme of the just nigh f amous and influential French philosophers of the late 19th century-early 20th century. Bergson was born in genus Paris on October 18, 1859 he was the second of seven children of a Polish Father and English mother about(prenominal) of his p atomic number 18nts were Jewish. Bergson was a notably exceptional pupil finishedout his childhood. Like his German contemporary, Edmund Husserl, Bergsons original training was in mathematics.Although his international fame r separately(prenominal)ed cult-like heights during his feeling date, his influence decreased notably afterwards the Second World War While such(prenominal) French thinkers as Merleau-Ponty, Sartre, and Levinas explicitly acknowledged his influence on their thought, it is generally agreed that it was Gilles Deleuzes 1966Bergsonismthat marked the reawakening of wager in Bergsons work. Deleuze substantiveized that Bergsons well-nigh enduring contribution to philosophical thinking is his thought of numerosity. Bergsons innovation of multiplicity attempts to unify in a consistent way 2 contradictory features heterogeneity and continuity.Many philosophers today thinks that this c one measurept of multiplicity, despite its difficulty, is r growthary. It is r phylogenyary because it ease ups the way to a reconception of community. (www. plato. stanford. edu) BERGSONS cognizance BY SYEDA AREEBA TARIQ HENRI BERGSON He wrote a ledger THE productive MIND in 1946. This ledger is an introduction to metaphysics which consist of collection of essays and lectures concerning the nature of learning, explaining how intuition plenty be utilise as a philosophical regularity. Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy in which the nature of existence and world is taken into context.Whereas, devil important questions are answered 1. what is in that respect? And 2. what is it like? I would be explaining what intuition agree to Bergson is and why it is called philosophical method. INTUITION DEFINITION O F INTUITION * An prompt cognition of target area not inferred or determined by a previous cognition of the resembling object. * Untaught pure knowledge. youthfuls report Philosophical definition of intuition says that it is an immediate puzzle out of knowing of some object not by reasoning or analyzing the previous knowing of the same object.It is therefore, say to be pure or instruct knowledge that peerless acquires at an instant. ACCORDING TO BERGSON harmonise to Henry Bergson intuition is described as a method of thinking in epoch which reflects the continuous flow of authoritativeity. A SMALL PRACTICE THAT LED TO INTUITION Once he was rolling and unrolling thread and said that this re lay mans sense of mortality rate and the continual gain of new memory board a spectrum of a thousand shades with a certain of feeling running through and through them, collecting and retaining them, to represent how all the pieces are heterogeneous.The human has tendency to manikin new memories and retain them. He said that human memory has stored thousand of new things different from the one formed and the one that will form every clipping if they go through the process of knowing. fashion model Example that he gave was of a piece of elastic which is contracted than drawn out to its limit and we loafer observe that there is a flow. The elastic produces a line which grows long and long presents that something is pure indivisible by(predicate) mobile unit. SINKING INTO INTUITION He says that this is time which jakest be divided.It is the qualitative not quantitative it has multiplicity yet unity and is mobile and continuously penetrating itself. He even says that period derrieret be represented by concept. One piece of assnot experience the feeling if just a concept is there. One seatt cargo deck duration with concept. But duration is grasped besides by intuition. By which one is transported into an object to grasp what is quaint and ineffable (ca nt describe in word) deep down it. Intuition is a bonk philosophical method that involves placing oneself within the Duration, and expanding it into a continuous heterogeneity.EXAMPLE Take an suit a person has captured lots of picture of CBM from different angles and a poet has composed a poem everywhere life here but one cannot replicate the feeling of being in CBM itself whereas the poem can never give the dimensional value of walking in CBM. EXPLANATION Thus any concept given cannot grasp duration flow of real time but intuition can grasp duration. One can sink into the other object by having intuition an instant knowledge which is unique cant be explained is gain by person which forms a new memory.Thus intuition is a direct perception and experience of the continuous flow of reality, without the use of any concepts the flow of time as real duration can be experienced only by intuition. ANOTHER EXAMPLE He uses the example of an original person who get ins a series of sketc hes of Notre Dame in Paris. Now at the bottom of all the sketches make in Paris, the stranger will probably write Paris by way of re spiriter. And as he has really seen Paris, he will be able, by descending from the original intuition of the whole, to bulge out his sketches in it and thus arrange them in relation to one another.But there is no way of perform the opposite operation even with an infinity of sketches as exact as you like, even with the word Paris to indicate that they must bear close liaison, it is impossible to travel rear end to an intuition one has not had, and gain the impression of Paris if one has never seen Paris (201). EXPLANATION Here he says that if an artist has sketched a model of a city which he has actually seen and drew him would look at knowing of the station which he has transferred to his sketches. He is descending from original intuition in order to place his sketches in it.But if a person who has never seen Paris he cannot enjoy Paris sketche s as much as the one who saw in actual would transport himself to the sketches and intuit it as an object. The person never seen Paris can never feel like walking into the place rather he would make a new intuition of his one within the duration. A person can form an immediate knowing of object different from the knowing of the same object before by actually being in duration through intuition. Why intuition is called as philosophical method-of transporting into object to grasp what is ineffableIntuition is a method through which one cast off or throws his habits of mind that tries to break duration and thus convert the duration into infinite. To know anything as whole its necessary to intuit rather breaking into bits of pieces. Experience can only come from intuition. We hear melody we hear the whole, not a series of notes one after another. When weanalyze the melody, we may indeed break it into a military issue of notes, but we are wherefore analyzing the notes, not the melody. The melody, to be known, must be grasped as a whole. In other words, it must be intuited. Thus, the method of intuition is at essence the task of metaphysics.Metaphysics is not a synthesis of knowledge, a sort of piecing unneurotic of the notes to form a melody, nor is it abridgment, the breaking down of a melody into its component notes. Metaphysics is theexperience of melody. Thus concludes Bergson in his Introduction to Metaphysics Metaphysics has nothing in common with a generalization of experience, and yet it could e defined as the whole of experience (lexperience integral). BERGSONS TIME AND trim WILL BY ASFIA AZIZ TIME AND FREE WILL (1889) HENRI BERGSON Henri Bergson in his book has explained various different ideas amongst which the most studied are of * Time and home The Idea of Pure Duration * Free Will and Determinism I will explain each dose in detail. This book has influences Sartre towards philosophy. This book is overly considered to be an anti-thesis to Im manuel Kant. Kant proposed that Freedom is something beyond the circle of time and space. Time and space is considered as same to Kant i. e. being homogenous. Bergson on the contrary, differentiates time and space and gives forward the concept of duration, a state in which exemption is experienced. (www. stanford. edu) The explanations have been extracted from his book Time and Free will- An essay on the immediate data of consciousness SPACEHenri Bergson defines space as being homogenous. It is the same and homogeneous to everyone perceiving it. He says that multiplicity exists in space. Multiplicity is the psychic state of being multiple at the same time. It has a connection with the human mind and reason, because reason enables a person to understand the state of multiplicity. Bergson demonstrates two kinds of multiplicity 1. vicenary Multiplicity When we count physically existing materials and we localize them in space, it is called quantitative multiplicity.No symbolic mold a nd amiable images are formed to encompass this kind of state, because things exist physically in front of our eyes. (Key Writings, Bergson, continuum, p53) Example, when we count the number of sheep in a flock of sheep, we save images of the previous sheep in our minds as our counting progresses. These images are involuntarily fixed by us at a point in space. 2. Qualitative Multiplicity This is the analysis of the states of consciousness being multiple when we perceive intangible materials or qualities. Here, formation of mental images and symbolic representation is important.Example, when we hear a noise of footsteps, our minds form a mental image of somebody walking and each of the successive sounds of the steps are locate in space we count our sensations by localizing them into space and this leads to the materialization of qualitative multiplicity. (Key Writings, Bergson, continuum p53) By defining the existence of multiplicity in space, Henri Bergson then defines space as S pace is what enables us to distinguish a number of identical and simultaneous sensations from one another it is thus a principle of differentiation Some people say that simultaneous sensations are never identical.To support this point, Henri Bergson states that when we babble to a greater extent or less homogenous medium we are talking about the simultaneity of terms which are identical in quality but are distinct from each other. Henri proposes that the higher the intelligence in a human, the more(prenominal) clear the understanding of homogenous space will be. Men have the special energy of conceiving space without quality and hence we say that the medium where men localize simultaneous sensations and objects are the same for everyone. (Key Writings, Henri Bergson, continuum, pg 57) TIMEUsually many philosophers take time and space to be the same. But Henri Bergson, differentiates between time and space. For him, there are two kinds of time * Mathematical time Mathematical tim e is the time which is used in sciences by scientists. It is homogenous time which is the same for everyone. This is the time which many philosophers consider as space, as it is homogenous. (ibid, p63) Example, the time in hours, minutes and seconds used to calculate speed of a moving body is numerical time. It can also be called the clock time. * authoritative Time or Real DurationAccording to Bergson, real time is the time that we experience and it is continuous and flowing. It is heterogeneous as it is the qualitative representation of time that differs from person to person. It is also called the state of real duration defined by Bergson as Pure duration is the form which the succession of our conscious states assumes when ego lets itself live, when it refrains from separating its present state from its former states To understand this, Bergson said that real duration is the state of mind where our ego dominates.Ego is the self of a person and directs the persons mind to amalga mate the past states with the present states in an organic whole. In this conscious state, all states of mind get through into one another to form it as a whole. (ibid, p60) Example, when we hear successive rings of a bell, we perceive that sound to be in a continuous rhythm and do not distinguish each ting of the bell. This amalgamation and permeation of the successive rings of bell into one organic whole is what real duration is all about. Past and PresentWhen Bergson speaks of the past, he does not mean the past, but our present memory of the past. Present is the only moment in the whole history of the world. Past resides in the present and that also transmits the aspirations for future. This permeation of former and present states demonstrates real duration. Example, a man has a best friend and he believes him to have all good consultationistics. One day, if he sees his best friend lying to him, all his perceptions about the good characteristics would change.This shows that h is present will change his past and future too. This is how real duration is experienced in real life. Quotations by Henri Bergson, The present contains nothing more than the past, and what is open up in the effect was already in the cause. The idea of future, pregnant with infinity of possibilities, is thus more fruitful than the future itself, and this is why we find more charm in hope than in possession, in dreams than in reality FREE WILL AND DETERMINISM Real Duration vindicates human muster outdom and disposes off the path of determinism.To understand this, we must first understand these two doctrines separately. Determinism It is a doctrine that all human choices, events and actions have sufficient causes and are pre-determined by the states of mind. For a determinist, freedom of choice is an illusion. This illusion can be presented as, that if a person has to select one branch from a lot of branches the branch that he selects is a choice that is fully predictable because somewhere at the back of his mind he has the idea of which branch to select. www. informationphilosopher. com) In response to this example, Bergson proposed the idea of free will and said that the above choice is a choice through the formation of a mental image localized in space, which is inadequate to symbolize a choice. Choice is a temporal act for Bergson as it is pertaining to the present and conscious state of mind. Free Will It is a doctrine that the events and actions of human beings are expressed through personal choices and are not governed by other outcomes or states of mind.Henri Bergson proposes that through experiencing real duration we can be free. The freedom of choice is fully certified by direct experience says Bergson. He describes free will as, A man is free when his act springs spontaneously from his total personality and it has evolved up to the moment of action. If this spontaneity is absent, his action will be stereotyped When man experiences real duration, he gains possession of himself and once self possession is attained, the man acts freely and creatively.Freedom has a strong association with personality or character of an individual. Character and personality changes from different situations which in turn changes our self. To demonstrate this idea, Bergson uses the saying of an English writer Stuart bomber To be conscious of free will must mean to be conscious, before I have decided, that I am able to decide either way Bergson and other defenders of free will would be of the opinion that, when we perform an action freely, some other action is equally possible which we leave and make a choice willingly.When a determinist says that our motives determine our action, Bergson says that motives are conflicting. He says that common sense believes in free will, and motives are not a necessity for defining our actions (Time and Free Will, Bergson, p148). To prove that motives are conflicting, Henri Bergson presents the sayings of Stuart hang around as I could have abstained from murder if my aversion to the crime and my dread of its consequences had been weaker than the temptation which impelled me to vow it. In response to this Henri Bergson said, His desire to do right and his aversion to doing wrong are strong tolerable to overcome any other desire or aversion which may conflict them(TFW, p150) Through this, the only idea that Bergson intends to translate is that the motives of desire and aversion are conflicting. But when the man decides to select one of them, it demonstrates his free will and freedom of choice. BERGSONS CREATIVE phylogeny BY AMMARAH MASROOR Let us first skip with the basic definition of phylogenesis, MEANING OF EVOLUTION A process of formation or growth, progressive change or development in theinherited characteristicsofbio tenaciouspopulations over successivegenerations Hence the term Evolution means that certain characteristics or genes starts transforming in a population which then r esults in a complete transformation of that populations characteristics which was once inherited by the preceding populations. So it is said that the growth or development which has been taking place as the generations passed has thus completed and now it can be said that this species has evolved.This process of growing can take place in animate organisms as good as in non-living organisms. Some general examples could be the evolution of the bottle of coke or the evolution of airplanes, what we once used to see in cartoons and documentaries and what we see now in reality and in which most of us have travelled is absolutely an evolution. The best example for the evolution in living organisms is the evolution of mankind, the theory that Darwin proposed and the idea that he gave that, Man is the descendant of apes CREATIVE EVOLUTION Henri Bergson proposed the idea of evolution as Creative Evolution.He believed that human beings are primarily to be explained in terms of the evolution ary process and that the mechanical process of random selection is inadequate to explain what occurs. According to Bergson Creative evolution is a sort of inner drive which he calls as elan vital, translated as life force and this life force has a connection with the real time that carries the process of evolution perpetually onward. In order to understand this definition of creative evolution first one needs to understand the two concepts that he highlights in here Essence of LifeFor Bergson the essence of life is duration, the real time time that is continuously flowing through which we have direct inner experience and is connected with life itself, with the life force that is the elan vital because of which goes on the everlasting process of evolution. Elan Vital Bergson gives an explanation to this linguistic communication as an original common impulse which explains the creation of all living species. The words typo meanings are vital force, life force or vital impulse. A cabal of both real time and life force causes the process of creative evolution to begin. BOOK CREATIVE EVOLUTIONIn order to further explain his work and concept about creative evolution Henri Bergson wrote a book in 1907 which provided an explanation against Darwins Theory of Mechanism. He was also awarded a Nobel clams for this work of his. COMPARISION BETWEEN DARWINS THEORY OF MECHANICAL EVOLUTION AND BERGSONS THEORY OF CREATIVE EVOLUTION In order to understand that why Bergsons Theory is known as Creative Evolution and Darwins Theory as Mechanical Evolution let us have a semblance between the two theories. This comparison includes the 4 main points of both the theories and all the points of each theory are interrelated with each other.The first and the foremost comparison between the two theories are about the approaches they follow. Bergsons creative evolution follows the teleological approach of traditional finalism that is everything that starts comes to its natural place which ultimately makes the genuine creative creation. Now here the teleological approach comes from the word teleology which means that things should be explained by the appeal to their goal, train or functions. For example if you throw a rock it would go to its natural place the ground, due to the gravitative pull that exists.Teleological whereas can be explained for the existence or presence of biological trait, structure or doings by appeal to its function. In comparison to this Darwins mechanical evolution follows the mechanistic approach which precludes the speculation of any real change or creativity as the products of evolution is given in advance, in the form of pre-existent possibilities. This explains that this process deprives evolution of any inventiveness or creativity because this process is tempered as pure mechanism which simply adds existence to something that already had been in the form of possible.Hence there is no difference left between the real and possib le. Although both the approaches, to some extent are same because they provide us with the notion that Whole is given. Therefore, neither mechanism nor strict finalism can give a satisfying account of changes in life. The second comparison is about the Tendency Theory. Here Bergson talks about the compoundification of life, that is, the phenomenon of its evolution from the simple original vital impulse into different species, individuals, and organs.Here he explains two concepts, firstly he explains that after evolution has occurred species are then differentiated into plants, animals and humans. Then he further explains that life is complex and in order to simplify itself it organizes itself into two great opposite tendencies, namely, spirit and intelligence. Here he then explains the second concept that these tendencies further provides a distinction between humans and animals, that humans have both these tendencies whereas animals only have one that is instinct.This is the rea son why Bergson calls this evolution of mankind as Creative Evolution. In comparison to this Darwin speaks of the inherent Selection the primary mechanism of change over time which includes 4 components * Variation * Inheritance * High rate of population growth * Differential survival and reproduction This is very obvious from the four of its points that he believes that the more the specie is adaptable to change, the variance and tendency to inherit and the more it increases its population through reproduction it has more chances of evolution.The third comparison is that Bergson believes at the peripheral of intelligence a fringe of instinct survives which helps us to understand the essence of life. This means that at the boundaries of intelligence a strand of instinct is present. His concept is that instinct is the primary factor whereas intelligence is the secondary factor. Instinct comes in first and then the intelligence, this is why instinct came first in all living organis ms but then some of the organisms further evolved.Hence because of this evolution they can then be differentiated as animals with instinct whereas humans with instinct and then with intelligence (after evolution). Comparing this with Darwins theory it can be said that he had no concept of the two tendencies hence focused on the concept of Survival of the Fittest. According to him there exists no such tendencies which helps us to lead our lives, instead there is this concept of Survival of the Fittest where only those species survives that are open to changes, open to use available resources and can fit in the present environment whereas others are there to die.An example could be of the movie Ice Age where all the animals in that movie do not further exist instead they have evolved (the mammoth have now evolved as elephants). The point of Bergson in this comparison can be concluded as there is a little bit of instinct surviving within each intelligent being, making it to coincide with the life force. This partial coincidence is what found Intuition. The fourth comparison in actual is not a comparison because it is just a one sided difference.Here Bergson puts forward his view and connects it with his previous point of tendencies, that combined result of instinct and intellect is intuition. Through intuition, an individual understands the difference between order and disorder. Intuition means gut feeling, sometimes known as the 6th sense. Bergson says that our way of perceiving and knowing this world when based on the need for living is then an obstacle. To this obstacle he gives the name Idea of Disorder. This idea consists of three notions 1.Order things happening according to our needs and wants 2. Disorder simply the order we are not looking for. Although this order may be correct for others but for us it is not happening according to what we want. 3. Nothingness things that exist in space but we do not consider them to be as existing because it had never been our need. To this point of Bergson there is no comparing point of Darwin because he never came to the point of intuition. His theory stopped at the notions of Natural Selection and Survival of the Fittest. LETTER TO HAROLD HOFFDINGHenri Bergson in one of his letter to Harold Hoff ding which was published in his book key writings said that someone who gets a complete grasp on the creative evolution would never then believe on the process of mechanism because in that time is useless. CRITICS Although Bergson made his ideas attractive with analogies and poetic metaphors he did not support them with rational arguments. He left them to the readers to understand it themselves on their level of intuition. Furthermore, his critics complained that his ideas did not stand up very well to logical analysis.His defenders replied by saying that he possessed all these characteristics in common with the best creative writers, and that this was because he was offering insights rather than logi cal arguments. REFERENCES * www. google. com * www. googleimages. com * www. stanfordencyclopediaofphilosophy. com (plato. stanford. edu) * www. dictionary. references. com * Key Writings Henri Bergson (continuum) * Modern Philosophy by Bertrand Russell * History of Western Philosophers * 20th Century Philosophy