Descriptive Essay On Time Machine - 817 Words

The Time Machine In The City Hall of Denver, Colorado, I was about to make the world s biggest discovery. Consequently, the room went dark, blinding my eyes. The room was like the midnight sky without any light. Once the power came back on, I ambled over to my test tube from where the substance had caused the power outage throughout the building. The world was currently searching for a substance to allow time travel, but I’d just figured it out. I carefully examined the results, recording what I’d used to make the sophisticated substance. The results made me stand frozen with multiple emotions running through my mind. Nevertheless, the finding wasn’t even close to being final because I still needed to create the actual time machine.†¦show more content†¦My heart was pounding in fear. The door swung open and to my surprise, the phone was on the floor with no damage taken.†Yes!† I shouted filled with joy. The time machine was a success! The next day, I tried it myself, traveling back in time to 2000. Again, it was a success. The next day, when I arrived at work, I felt scared out of my mind! Consequently, my time machine had been revealed by everyone in the building. They were constantly going and leaving without my permission. I couldn’t even make my way to the entrance before everyone had left the present time. The next morning, I woke up in a hovering bed. There were Jetpacks everywhere. Instead of flying to work with a popular Jetpack, I decided to walk. On my way I noticed that the sky was gray and hazy with little to any sunlight. The weather was bone chilling even though it was early September. All of the buildings in Denver were skyscrapers allowing employees to fly to their office and enter through their window. When I arrived at the city hall, it had no floors and Jetpacks were everywhere. Consequently, flying a Jetpack was the only option left. No elevators and steps to take. â€Å"This is my fault letting the officials get their hands on my invention,† I said in an enraged voice. â€Å"I gotta fix this,† I mumbled so anyone who remained near me wouldn’t hear me. I dedicated the whole day, fixing all of the problems the time machine had caused to modern society.Show MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay On Time Machine777 Words   |  4 PagesThe Time Machine It all began in the City Hall of Denver, Colorado at 11:59 P.M. Suddenly, the room went dark blinding my eyes. The room was like the midnight sky without any light. Once the power came back on, I ambled over to my test tube from where the substance had caused the power outage throughout the building. Scientists had been searching for a substance to allow time travel. I carefully examined the results making sure to record what I used to make the sophisticated substance. The resultsRead MoreComputer Science Is Not A Science Essay1583 Words   |  7 Pagesare three parts to the evolution of a science, essentially, three steps a science must go through in order to become a mature science. In order to show how computer science does not fit in a scientific paradigm... The initial stage, the descriptive stage, is the time within a science when all the components of a field are being observed and catalogued; this is the Baconian step of science, due to the fact that all that was done was observation. The dynamic or etiological stage is where the rules ofRead MoreHow to Construct Research Question1149 Words   |  5 PagesIB Extended Essay – Fo rming a Research Question Choice of topic The topic chosen must focus on the human past, be worthy of study, and lend itself to systematic investigation in line with the published assessment criteria. Essays that focus on events of the last 10 years are not acceptable, as these are regarded as current affairs, not history. It is not a requirement for the topic to be chosen from the Diploma Programme history course, but it must be acceptable to the supervisor. It shouldRead MorePrescriptive Pedagogy Versus Descriptive Pedagogy1795 Words   |  8 PagesBrittany Snyder Prescriptive Pedagogy versus Descriptive Pedagogy 28 September 2017 In the world of the English language, the debate over whether a prescriptive pedagogy or a descriptive pedagogy is more effective is a popular topic. According to The Oxford Companion to the English Language, prescriptivism is defined as, â€Å"an approach that sets out rules for what is regarded as correct in a language,† and descriptivism is defined as, â€Å"an approach that proposes the objective and systematic descriptionRead MoreSubjective Test Assessment Of Online Exams1474 Words   |  6 PagesSimilarity; Evaluation. I. INTRODUCTION Although assessment is a tough job, but it can be helpful by making it computerized. Normally, examinations are of two types objective type such as multiple choice questions(MCQs) and subjective type such as descriptive answers pattern. Nowadays online examinations held are multiple choice questions as bank exams, GRE, GMAT, AIEEE, etc. These examinations are usually MCQs, where the answers are selected out of the given options. The multiple choice is a form ofRead MoreMy Experience as a Writer1758 Words   |  8 Pageslearning the basics of writing. By the time I reached Elementary school, we learned about the sentence structure and we began making more complex sentences. We also started writing paragraphs and short essays. When I reached Middle school, we began writing longer essays and we learned how to write in more detail. We started learning more advanced vocabulary and different styles of writing. We learned mostly about fiction, non-fiction, and persuasive essays. In my fr eshman and sophomore year in highRead More Essay on Euthanasia and Doctor-Assisted Suicide1175 Words   |  5 Pagesmore popular points of interest involved with the euthanasia-assisted suicide discussion. There are less than a dozen questions which would come to mind in the case of the average individual who has a mild interest in this debate, and the following essay presents information which would satisfy that individuals curiosity on these points of common interest.    Euthanasia and assisted suicide are legal in the state of Oregon and in the country of the Netherlands; these are the only two jurisdictionsRead MoreEssay on Promoting Literacy Development Through Writing4289 Words   |  18 PagesAfrican American female and is in the fifth grade. She lives in a low income neighborhood with her Grandmother whom has sole custody. While Genesis’ Grandmother would like to play a more active role in her granddaughter’s education, she works a full time job and has health problems that prevent her being able to drive. Genesis was in my fourth grade Read 180 class and is with me again as a fifth grader. I selected this student because she is strong in phonemic awareness, yet her writing scores areRead MoreGraeme Murphy and rafae bonachela essay1401 Words   |  6 Pages Essay Question: Compare and Contrast the movement styles of both Graeme Murphy and Rafael Bonachela as seen in Synergy-by-Synergy and 2 One Another. In your answer include how both choreographers have manipulated the elements of dance and used relationships to abstract movement to convey their intent. Australian Dance is highly diverse in form and geographical distribution but it uncovers a continuous captivation with the body, the place, popular culture and the multicultural society. GraemeRead More1 Techniques for Answering English Paper1483 Words   |  6 Pagesown to make your writing more intresting. No details - no marks !Remember, one extra sentence or two is usually enough. You don’t have to write and write. Also, the details must be relevant, suitable and interesting too. You need to invest a little time and imagination here so that your writing won’t come across as dry and dull.  LANGUAGEFinally, the remainder 15 marks are allocated for language use. You must try and make sure that grammar, spelling and punctuation are as error-free as possible.

Essay about Review of The Republic of Tea Website

When I am looking for a new flavor of tea, I often visit the Republic of Teas website to browse all the unique varieties of tea that they carry. The Republic of Tea offers many different varieties of tea from around the world that you cannot buy in a local grocery store. Anyone, from tea connoisseurs to average students, can use this website to find great tasting tea. The Republic of Teas website is well organized, with categories for each type of tea and all the different flavors. The homepage shows pictures of tea and accessories used to brew the perfect cup of tea. The main points of interest for the website is the text that describes the tea and the layout of the products being sold. These aspects along with the pictures†¦show more content†¦There are also categories for teas sold in bulk, tea collections, and the different accessories or â€Å"sipware† that are sold. There is also a search option called â€Å"find your tea†, where teas are listed in related categories, such as organic or seasonal. This navigation bar stays on the page, no matter what menu item you choose, so that switching from one type of tea to another is quick and easy. If any additional information is needed, or if you cant find what you are looking for, there is an index with different links to all of the websites main pages, located on the bottom of the page and in a light gray font color. The homepage is your gateway to great tea and an enjoyable browsing experience. One of the most helpful aspects of The Republic of Teas website is the very descriptive text that is used to tell all about a teas complex flavors and qualities. When looking at a certain tea, there is an option to access a description on the left side of the page. This description talks about a teas origins, the flavor notes that help describe the flavor, the caffeine content, and the best way to prepare the tea. The writing used is very thought provoking and elaborate, with words th at fill your imagination with the different smells and flavors you can expect to taste when drinking the tea. The writing style is informative, and indicates that the website designers forShow MoreRelatedCoffee Is The Best Beans Essay1444 Words   |  6 Pagesorder the beans on the internet. The only problem with this approach is that you wouldn t be able to judge the freshness until the beans have arrived. So you must do some research and order from a website or online store that has good reputation. You can find the reviews and ratings in popular review sites and coffee related forums. Finally you must decide the quantity that you want to buy. Generally you would get a discount if you buy a bigger pack. If you are familiar with the types of beansRead MoreProject Plan4275 Words   |  18 PagesShanghai is the birthplace of modern cheongsam. In 2007, ‘Shanghai traditional crafts of making cheongsam’ was included in the intangible culture heritage protection lists. C heongsam has powerful influences on Chinese women in Shanghai during the republic period of China It also offered employment that has significant economic and social impacts. Modern cheongsam, which became the national garment since 1929, signified female liberation and played a significant role on how Chinese women defined theirRead MoreNivea Presentation3606 Words   |  15 Pagesest.)--women 82.26 years, men 76.11 years. Persons employed (April 2009): 39.88 million; unemployed (April 2009): 8.6% of labor force. Government Type: Federal republic. Founded: 1949 (Basic Law, i.e., Constitution, promulgated on May 23, 1949). On October 3, 1990, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic unified in accordance with Article 23 of the F.R.G. Basic Law. Branches: Executive--president (titular chief of state), chancellor (executive head of government);Read MoreIntegrated Marketing Communication3119 Words   |  13 Pagesfeature/critic advertisements/advertorials. Delicious could set up a one-off tasting session for some of the most prominent bloggers and critics of the nation/area. It should be absolutely free and with no legal obligations for the attendees to write positive reviews. At this function, delicious would showcase their entire menu. With the internet booming today, blog advertising is valuable for its well-educated readership, low-cost and boundary-less reach. This is in line with DELIcious target market. NuffnangRead MoreMarks and Spencer - Performance and Position5133 Words   |  21 PagesBrothers, an American clothing company[7] and Kings Super Markets, a US food chain.[8] They were subsequently sold off, in 2001 and 2006 respectively. All international stores are operated under franchise, with the exception of the stores in the Republic of Ireland and Hong Kong which remain in company ownership.[9] The first MS store in central Asia was built in Kabul, Afghanistan in the 1960s. The store was later shut down.[10] MS expanded into Canada in 1973, and at one point had 47 storesRead MoreCoca-Cola: International Business Strategy for Globalization10128 Words   |  41 Pagesstrategies, and diversification. Within this analysis, we chose to focus on the Coca-Cola Company because they have proven successful in their international operations and are one of the most recognized brands in the world. We performed an in-depth review of how effectively or ineffectively Coca-Cola has used each of the six strategies. The paper focused on Coca-Colas operations in the United States, China, Belarus, Peru, and Morocco. The author used electronic journals from the various countriesRead MoreProduct Life Cycle Stages5638 Words   |  23 Pageswith a four-foot lemon replica in it was placed outside various malls and junctions. The message on it read, â€Å"Asli Refresher Coming Soon†. This innovation was executed at Ambi Mall, Gurgaon; Great India Place, NOIDA; Court Chowk, Amritsar; and Fun Republic Mall, Chandigarh. For the revealer, the lemon was replaced with a 20-foot high Nimbooz bottle on March 18. 2. The teaser in Mumbai was spread across five days. For this, a knotted gunny bag stuffed with lemons was mounted on a canter at MahimRead MoreAnalyzing Current Sbu’s for Assigning Resources (by Using Boston Consulting Group Approach): Example for Bangladesh Perspective.7819 Words   |  32 PagesIntroduction of â€Å"Tea Garden† Tea is the most popular non-intoxicating beverage in the world enjoyed by the rich and poor alike. Tea drinking was quite common in every part of the world. The most popular form of value addition is selling branded tea. This involves not only the packing of tea but also blending of other varieties to maintain consistency of taste. To arrive at a blend, expert tea tasters sample hundreds of liquors. Convenient drinks like instant tea (soluble tea powder), tea bags (bags areRead MoreArticle: Performance Appraisal and Performance Management35812 Words   |  144 Pagesmanagement system came to the practice. The main purpose of this paper is to differentiate these two systems, employee’s performance appraisal and management system. This paper uses a review of the literature to evaluate the development of appraisal system and argues the critic areas of appraisal system. The review identified as advancement in the management field and growing complexity in corporate sectors demand more capable HR, so mare appraisal of employee’s performance is not sufficient. Employee’sRead MoreImpact of Celebrity Endorsement with Non-Celebrity Endorsement8007 Words   |  33 Pagescreate a visual connection between the endorser and the product, which is why sports stars appear on your cereal box. The modern mass media has increased the exposure and power of celebrity. 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Market Research for Technological Tools -myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theMarket Research for Technological Tools. Answer: Introduction: This is the report that focuses on impact of technology on the market research. It initiates with the discussion of the company called JWS Research that operates in the research market industry in Australia. The company uses many technological tools in their process to enhance the same. This report provides the information about such tools followed with the discussion of the benefits of using such technological tools. Overview of the company: JSW Research is the market research company based at Australia. The employees at the firm are very passionate and provide efficient advices to their clients after conducting timely research. The company not only serves the private clients but also serves the government of the country with different research outcomes so that the decision by the government can be made on some of the social issues (Hsu and Lin, 2008). Technological tools used by the market research company: Technology is the subset of very field these days. This is because all the process and the system in the companies are becoming technological advanced with the innovations that are taking place with high rate (Petruzzellis, 2010). Market research is one of the fields that are very much affected by the technological advancement. Some of the tools that have been sued by the company of market research are: Online survey and forums: this is the first approach technology that the company is using in terms of conducting online surveys and research. The true issue is the online survey technology used by JWS Research. This allows the company to conduct different types of surveys and target the audiences according to the survey (Krasnikov and Jayachandran, 2008). This online survey helps the company to reach the masses in order to conduct the research. As the company also deals it government projects so they have to target and segment the audiences and the respondents. This online way of conducting survey also helps in the same. Social media: It is the most basic tool that can be used by any of the company for market research and marketing purposes. JSW also uses this tool for market research when the company deals with nay of the products based firm or client. This is because the research in this case needs to be conducted with the public and the customers. Social media is the tool that can support the research processes and the researchers to have accurate and better outcomes as they have large sample size (Stone, Good and Baker-Eveleth, 2007). Mobile technology: Mobile technology is also used by the employees of the company in order to support the research. It reduced the time and cost of the company to conduct research. This is because new technology helps the researchers to track the location of the respondents (Kesharwani and Singh Bisht, 2012). The employees who work on field can also use the mobile technology to be connected with the centre and providing them the information at that time only. All the technological tools that have been discussed are used by almost all the companies in the market research industry. It is important for them to make use of these technologies in order to upgrade their tools and processes. It helps them to make their work more efficient and their results more accurate. Benefits of using the tools: Using the above discussed tools allow the companies to have improved work efficiency. Following are some of the benefits enjoyed by the company: Reduction in efforts and time: It has been analysed that using these technological tools helps the researchers to save their time and efforts. This is because the older tools that are not conducted online require more efforts and time of the researchers and the employees to go on the field and collect the data. Efficient and aligned process: integration of mobile technology with the research helps in collecting and storing the data from the location itself. This allows the data analytics team to start work on the data collected simultaneously (Malhotra, 2007). In earlier times, the data is first collected and then sorting and analysis was done. But, now both the processes can be done simultaneously. Accurate results: when the researchers used to go on field and collect the data from different respondents, they cannot be able to cover large sample size. With the use of these new technological tools they can reach masses and collect the data from large sample thus, made the result more accurate (Mohr, Sengupta and Slater, 2009). The accuracy in result allow the company to provide better outcomes to the clients and thus clients can take better decision regarding the market situations. There are many other benefits that can availed by the companies such as increasing brand image of the company, better quality of services and better business. It also helps in retaining the clients. As JSW is doing great with its services, it has some major clients such as Google, Visa, Mineral Council of Australia, eBay, etc. Conclusion: This report concludes that technology has great impact on the business functions these days and one of the major functions that are affected by the technological advancement is marker research. This is because this is the field where technology is used to conduct the research and getting more accurate results. New technologies and their interaction in the market research system help the companies like JSW to attain the competitive advantage in terms of technology. This competitive advantage results in better and improved business quality of the company and also allows the firm to compete with the competitors. It is require t be updated with the latest technology in the field of market research because the results of the research is the basis of strategies that the clients of the company make in order to serve the market. References: Hsu, C.L. and Lin, J.C.C., 2008. Acceptance of blog usage: The roles of technology acceptance, social influence and knowledge sharing motivation.Information management,45(1), pp.65-74. Jwsresearch.com. 2017.JWS Research - Find out what they're thinking.. [online] Available at: https://jwsresearch.com/#about [Accessed 20 Aug. 2017]. Kesharwani, A. and Singh Bisht, S., 2012. The impact of trust and perceived risk on internet banking adoption in India: An extension of technology acceptance model.International Journal of Bank Marketing,30(4), pp.303-322. Krasnikov, A. and Jayachandran, S., 2008. The relative impact of marketing, research-and-development, and operations capabilities on firm performance.Journal of marketing,72(4), pp.1-11. Malhotra, N.K., 2007.Marketing research an applied orientation. Pearson Education India. Mohr, J.J., Sengupta, S. and Slater, S.F., 2009.Marketing of high-technology products and innovations. Pearson Prentice Hall. Petruzzellis, L., 2010. Mobile phone choice: technology versus marketing. The brand effect in the Italian market.European Journal of marketing,44(5), pp.610-634. Stone, R.W., Good, D.J. and Baker-Eveleth, L., 2007. The impact of information technology on individual and firm marketing performance.Behaviour Information Technology,26(6), pp.465-482.

The Future of Diplomacy Essay Sample free essay sample

In this article. Henrikson soundly undertakings five possible hereafters of diplomatic negotiations in the close hereafter. These are shaped in a context characterised by globalizing and consolidative universe comprising of states at different stages of history – pre-modern. modern and post-modern. Therefore no theoretical account of diplomacy’s possible hereafter is likely to suit all parts of the universe the same manner with equal perfectibility. Disintermediation is characterised by a form of private backdown from the usage of governmental services. Due to a figure of inefficiencies and the effects of information engineering. province tally diplomatic negotiations could be mostly bypassed. Nevertheless. province tally diplomatic negotiations still remains indispensable particularly after the 9/11 onslaughts which amplified the demand for more state-run diplomatic negotiations to contend against terrorist act. Europeanization entails the replacing of national diplomatic services with international 1s. This is backed by the current world in which EU bilateral diplomatic missions are already being eclipsed by the internal procedure of EU and by the attempt to make a CFSP. We will write a custom essay sample on The Future of Diplomacy? Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Nevertheless Europeanisation will non wholly replace bilateral relationships of European states which remain of import for several strategic. cultural. and political grounds. Democratization refers to international democracy premised on the autonomous equality of provinces. big and little and on the being of many-sided constructions such as the UN. The catholicity of the many-sided administrations. gives them strength as universe populace fora for the treatment of planetary affairs. This chance could be wasted if more attending is placed more on popular declarations than common duologue and rational persuasion. Opening these establishments to the civil society may advance pluralism and diverseness. Thematic diplomatic negotiations focuses on a specific subject. such as the US’s â€Å"Global War on Terror† but which can besides intend other menaces such as disease. offense. and drugs. For diplomatic negotiations. such thematised attempts may necessitate a willingness to improvize and may make opportunities for calling promotion. However. this may jeopardize establishments and criterions. The â€Å"crisis management† orientation of this theoretical account may non turn to the more profound implicit in causes of jobs. Americanisation theoretical account refers to estimate or assimilation of international political relations to American domestic political system. This has intensified the demand for foreign diplomats to buttonhole or even intervene internally within American political relations in order to guarantee that their ain involvements are considered. In state of affairss of high mutuality such as between Canada and the US. domestic and foreign personal businesss are about identical. In this context. diplomats have to go more straight interventionist. In this article. Henrikson provides a reasonably realistic projection of the hereafter of diplomatic negotiations. Remarks on Liva Rabarihoela’s Analysis Liva provides a capturing review of Henrikson’s article. Particularly contact is Liva’s observation of the booby traps of the denationalization of diplomatic negotiations through disintermediation – viz. the diminution of democratization. Striking is besides Liva’s review of the Europeanisation theoretical account peculiarly as it overlooks the possible impact of some cultural and historical factors every bit good as political behavior that basically differentiate peoples and states. Nevertheless. I feel that Liva could hold made his analysis more balanced with a closer expression at both the virtues and demerits of Henrikson’s projections in relation to current and germinating planetary political tendencies.

The Gallant Boys of Gettysburg Essay Example For Students

The Gallant Boys of Gettysburg Essay Word Count: 537The story I read took place mostly at the Battle of Gettysburg.Tom and Jeff Majors had just enrolled in the Confederate army. Tom enrolled as a private and Jeff as a drummer boy. Their dad, Nelson Majors, who had been in the army for quite some time, had just been promoted to Major. Tom and Jeff were appointed to their fathers unit. They fought in the Battle of Gettysburg which was the worst battle of the Civil War. The death total for the battle was great. The Union and the Confederates lost a total of 18,000 men each. During the worst part of the battle, a shell hit Toms leg.Jeff immediately carried him to the field doctor. The doctor told Tom that his leg would have to be cut off. The Confederate army was being beaten back by the Union and they had to retreat. That meant that Tom was put on a wagon and carried away. Tom knew there was little chance of him surviving the ride. Jeff had an idea to take Tom to the Poteets house. They had eatenwith them before the battle . The Poteets gladly agreed to keep Tom for a short while at their house. Jeff and Nelson Majors were very happy that Tom could stay with them. When Toms leg was healed, he and Jeff went back to Kentucky where their family was from. When they got home there was a big welcome dinner. A letter came a few days later telling Jeff that he would need to go back to the army. When Jeff got back, he and his dad talked about how Tom was doing and the rest of the family. After that, the story ends just as they were about to go fight another battle. We will write a custom essay on The Gallant Boys of Gettysburg specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The predominate conflict inoccurred when Tom was hit by a shell from the Union army. Jeff turned and saw Tom rolling and rolling on the ground. When Jeff got there, he saw that it had struck Toms leg. He quickly tied a bandage on it to stop the bleeding. Jeff told Tom that he would have to instantly see a field doctor. The doctor told Tom that his leg would have to be taken off. When Jeff and Tom arrived at their home in Kentucky, Sarah, Toms girlfriend, saw what had happened to his leg. Tom thought that Sarah would not like him because he had lost his leg. Sarah tried to tell him that it did not matter that he had lost his leg, but Tom did not listen. Sarah asked Mr. Springer, who had recently lost his leg, to come and talk to Tom. Mr. Springer told Tom that he should get an artificial leg. Mr. Springer said that he felt as good as new with his artificial leg. The story ends shortly after they finished talking. I concluded that Tom would eventually get an artificial leg.

Political theories of Hobbes essays

Political theories of Hobbes essays Once one considers the political theories of Hobbes and Rousseau it is apparent that Hobbes theory is far more optimistic in regards to human potential for civilization. Were Rousseau sees inherent inequality in man that apparently only increases when man enters civil society Hobbes believes man is inherently equal, and that is the basis of equality not inequality that leads man to enter civil society. Government and its laws provide for the security and well-being of men united in society, while literature, the sciences and the arts...strew garlands of flowers on the iron chains that bind them, make them forget the original freedom for which they seem to have been born, cause them to love their slavery, and turn them into what is known as a civilized people. For Hobbes the state of nature, war of all against all, gives birth to the state of man, power and pleasure seeking, which in turn gives birth to a state of government, a means of controlling man at war while still allowing individual advancement. Rousseau sees the chain of events a little differently. Rousseau although recognizes mans inclination towards self and self-preservation, does not see the state of nature with the same level of harshness as Hobbes. For Rousseau man is born in a natural state of freedom and it is through the formation of some sort of civil society that man develops an inclination towards self-satisfaction. It is only then through this social development that Rousseau sees the species of man falling into a sequence of degradation. Hobbes views the human person in an eight-part structure, material; man is a material body interacting with matter within the world, sensing; humans senses are the receptors of mater in the material world, radically individual; each human senses one form of matter different than another and thus our experiences are individually isolated, passionate; humans are fixated by pleasure and pain, po ...

Analyzing an Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Analyzing an Experience - Essay Example This is what initiates the pathway towards the transformation. The second stage, the Threshold, is when one tests his or her limit to break away from the boundaries into a newly formed threshold, just as Halifax discovered the grief after her mother’s tragic death. It is when the concealed truth is disclosed and â€Å"the gate to the unconscious† is re-opened (Halifax, 17). Finally the third stage, the Return, is when the individual realizes the deeper truth that had been hidden from him or her as a husk covers the core (Halifax, 16). The whole cycle leads an individual to the path of spiritual understanding which Halifax describes as a successful initiation experience where â€Å"the husk of alienation† is conquered (178). In his essay â€Å"Once More to the Lake†, the author E. B. White has explored the state of mind and the power of mental retention of experiences. As White recollects the memories of a visit he made with his son to a camp near a lake, h e points out its resemblance to the visit he made with his own father in 1904 (1). What is more important is his understanding of trivial details regarding the scenic environment and the natural context. White has looked upon the temporal development of a human being as it is captured in our minds as memories. As such, White’s experiences of his visits are aligned with the three stages of initiation experience which Halifax describes as separation, transition, and incorporation, namely Severance, Threshold, and the Return (15). Halifax explains that the pathway towards Threshold experience allows an individual to transcend the borders to move on from the realm of society to one which has unobstructed space (Halfax, 108). As such, White chooses to return to the natural setting of Maine to recollect memories of his childhood in an attempt to seek isolation from the social realm and realize the limits of life yet the longevity of time that brings him closer to nature. Therefore,

Jim Crow Laws Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Jim Crow Laws - Research Paper Example This paper will be a discussion of the Jim Crow Laws and the impact that they had in the society. Jim Crow represented the legitimization of Anti-Black racism. This were state and local laws in the United States, it was as a result of various prominent people in the society then, advocating for the fact that black people were not equal to the whites. In their congregations, Christian ministers and theologians preached the fact that whites were the chosen people. They further emphasized the fact that blacks were cursed to be servants (Pilgrim 1). Intellectual bodies such as craniologists, eugenicists, phrenologists and social Darwinists taught their audiences to believe that Blacks were intellectually and culturally inferior to the whites. Sensitization towards segregation was harnessed by politicians who gave eloquent speeches about the dangers of integration between the whites and the blacks. Newspapers and magazine writers frequently referred to African Americans as niggers, coons and darkies. Almost all major societal institutions supported the idea of black’s segregation (Pilgrim 1). ... termarriage between whites and blacks stated that, â€Å"All marriages between a white person and a negro, or between a white person and a person of negro descent to the fourth generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited.† (1). this is the extent to which the Jim Crow Laws dictated actions of individuals. Institutions such as hospitals also practiced segregation. In the state of Georgia, there were strict directions that, â€Å"The Board of Control shall see that proper and distinct apartments are arranged for said patients, so that in no case shall Negroes and white persons be together,† (Randall 1). This was the same case in educational institutions since schools for white and black children were supposed to be conducted separately. The justice system was one area that was keenly watched with regard to racial segregation. This is due to the fact that it was the body braced with the responsibility of enacting some rules and legislation. According to the text, F rom Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equity: When the justice system finally invalidated segregation in 1954, their decisions reflected the views that were held by roughly the whole country. Court rulings were seen to make little difference with regard to Jim Crow Laws; on the other hand, some people believed that courts made a vast difference (Klarman 6). Although courts would enforce legislation barring segregation in railroad transport, it was the responsibility of the concerned company or custom to decide on how they were going to run their institutions. Thus segregation laws on railroad transport were not necessary for the practice to take effect; segregation took place without any enforcing statute. Even though some railroad companies did not want to practice

ENG Wa 9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

ENG Wa 9 - Essay Example The constitution was weak. At one period between 1919 and 1933, there were 28 different parties in government. There were only coalition governments. From 1918 to the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, the government did nothing to improve widespread poverty, massive inflation and unemployment. They remained basically ineffective for 13 years, a point in which Hitler used to gain popularity. Upon signing of the Treaty of Versailles, the social and economic situation of the country became drastically worse. The government lost all credibility setting the stage for the growth of nationalism, anti-Semitism and the rise of the 3rd Reich . The purpose of this paper is to show why the German people had no choice but to accept the 3rd Reich. When a country is in such economic and social turmoil, it sets the stage for a dictator and totalitarian regime. The paper will conclude by showing how a country changes from economic turmoil to WWII. The Treaty of Versailles set the stage and there w as no other choice. Towards the end of the war, in January of 1918, President Wilson proposed to the US Congress the "Fourteen Points" and "Four principles". He sent the proposal to the Germans on the 5th of November 1918. (http://www.germanculture.com.ua) The new Weimar Republic was created November 9th 1918 on the premise that the Wilson proposition would be ratified as part of the peace settlement. The armistice was asked for November 11, 1918. Cease fire began by a country who thought they were winning the war at home and had no idea of the losses on the front.().France and Britain wanted retribution. They wanted Germany to be reduced to a insignificant European country.(Duffy 2004 ) .Of Wilson's Fourteen Points, nothing was taken into account other than the creation of the League of Nations. (Fuller 2010) Germany was completely demoralized. Had the proposal been considered, the blame of World War I would have been shared, and reparations would not have fallen completely on one country. The German people had no faith in the new governing powers. The Weimar Republic stayed in power from 1918 to 1933.(Wadell) In 1919, a new constitution was drawn, but it was never ratified. The fallacies of the constitution were later used by Hitler to gain toletarian power when he became Chancellor in 1933. Though it was a democratic constitution, " the president had the right to dismiss the cabinet, dissolve the Reichstag, and veto legislation. The legislative powers of the Reichstag were further weakened by the provision for presidential recourse to popular plebiscite. Article 48, the so-called emergency clause, accorded the president the right to allow the cabinet to govern without the consent of parliament whenever it was deemed essential to maintaining public order". Defining public order was highly subjective. (http://www.germanculture.com.ua) Â   In 1918, the economic situation was catastrophic. The government had no power to improve the financial situation of its c itizens. One is four men lost his life in battle which was equivalent to one third of the civilian population. The advances of mass production of technology required human labor to operate the machines and financial stability to finance the investment in the machines. Had the 14 Points been signed, Germany would have had a chance to recover its losses. (Karpovsky) Germany was forced to sign a treaty. The Treaty of Versailles was compiled in

What Factors Influence Internet Use Among Teens English Language Essay

What Factors Influence Internet Use Among Teens English Language Essay The Internet has become part of todays teens culture and they are very familiar on how to use and navigate in it. This paper reflects on the factors that influence internet usage among teens based on a survey compiled by Pew Internet American Life Project on a sample of over 1,000 adolescents between the ages of 12 to 17 who were interviewed randomly by phone. It indicates that 9 out of 10 access the internet regularly which is an increase of 75% in comparison to the year 2000. This high number is in contrast to the findings that only 66% of American adults use the internet. The study further showed that most teenagers first accessed the internet between the age of 10 and 12. 87% admitted using the internet regularly, with 52% of them accessing the internet daily, an increase from 42% in 2000. About 50% of these teenagers, their families used a speedier broadband connection with the rest using other means such as dial-up connections. Teens were found to use the internet for instant messaging, online blogs, initiating online chats and sending e-mails. In the survey, 75% use instant messaging compared to 42% of adults as a means of communication with their fellow age mates. The survey also indicates that 75% of todays teens use the internet to read news which is a sharp increase from 38% in the year 2000. University of Diegos technology trackers such as Susannah Stern expect instant messaging to keep growing exponentially due to peer influence. Though Teens interviewed felt that internet use was a source of indispensable fun and a means of communication and research. Amanda Lenhart, a Pew researcher who participated in conducting the study, found that Teens are very selective-theyre smart about their technology use. They use it for the kinds of things they need to do. The older teenage girls between ages 15 to 17 contrasted the myth of the tech-savvy boys since they were found to use the internet more than their male counterparts. Literature review To determine factors influencing Internet usage among the youths such as demographics and socio-economic and peer influence, a literature review of the available Pew research has been conducted, focusing on factors influencing teenagers access to the Internet or World Wide Web except for e-mailing purposes. According to the literature, students are the main users of the Internet. Jones and Madden (2002) conducted a study on high school and junior college students Internet usage. Browsing the Internet was a daily activity; 73% of these students used the Internet more than the library for research. Seventy-nine percent of the students agreed that Internet use has had a positive impact on their academic experience (Jones and Madden, 2002). Princeton Research Associates on behalf of Pew Internet American Life Project conducted nationwide phone interviews, and did an analysis on how respondents penetrated the Internet. The data results show that all 59% of the general population penetrated the Internet less than 86% of students (Jones and Madden, 2002). Study Framework and Hypothesis Development There are various factors influencing internet use among teens. This review provides a basis for this study based on the Pew Internet American Life Project survey and shall primarily test on the influencing factors such as demographic and social-economic factors. Testable hypothesis shall then be proposed. Demographic factors The particular factors of gender, race/ethnicity, location of residence and age were very crucial in determining internet usage among the teenagers in relation to their education status. There was a general increase for both students and non-students access to the internet. There was also an increase in the proportion of teenagers who accessed the internet across common races in the United States such as Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. However, these increases have not been uniform across these groups. Most high school drop-outs were observed not to have been on the internet for the past one year with only less than 33% answering to having accessed it. This was in sharp contrast to the over 90% of junior college students who have had regular access to the internet in the age bracket of 18 to 19. Internet access tended to increase with increasing levels of education and was highly used by junior college students and post-secondary students. The widening gap between those in school and the drop-outs access to the internet is projected to rise due to increasing encouragement and facilitation of internet access points in schools. If older students already in college are exposed and encouraged more than younger students in high school, as is normally the case, age will become an important demographic factor since internet usage prevalence will be higher in older students. Internet usage was clearly greater among whites than any other race especially among males. 71.8% of white males accessed the in comparison to 50.5% of Hispanic males and 40.7% of black males. The open-ended question on where a particular teen accessed the internet was phrased and the answers tabulated using the categories of home, school, library, friends/neighbors, and other. Most teens were found to be more comfortable accessing the internet at a friends home whereby over 34.7% of males and 29.3% of the teens responded to this. Although access points such as the library were chosen by only one in eight, this was an improvement from 4.7% in 2000 to a current12.5%. Economic factors Teenagers from low income and high poverty areas have been most disadvantaged in accessing the internet. A survey carried on teen Internet usage reveals social and economic disparities (Taylor et al., 2003). A relationship between incomes, race and education was also observed. Levels of education were higher in Whites than any other minorities whereby the proportion of whites who completed high school was more. This had a direct impact on the number of internet users. Teenagers from low-income households estimated at three million, most of them black, have no access to the internet. Therefore, these kids may not find adults who would otherwise teach them on how to responsibly use the internet. Daniel Bassil, president of Cabrini Connections, notes that, Even the kids that have access dont necessarily have people mentoring them to use the information to their greatest advantage. Teens from low-income backgrounds are less likely to access the internet for services such as instant messa ging and emailing as a way of communication since most of their friends are not online more frequently. This finding may indicate a difference in choice of content creation versus content consumption in different socio economic groups (Bosah, 1998). c)Social factors Free and unlimited Internet access When freshmen register today, they get a student ID card, a meal card, and most, important, a free personal e-mail account. Theyve got no online service fees to pay, no limits to their time logged on, and computer labs open for their convenience round-the-clock. Its an Internet users dream. 2. Huge blocks of unstructured time Most college students attend classes for twelve to sixteen hours per week. The rest of the time is their own to read, study, go to movies or parties, join clubs, or explore the new environment outside their campus walls. Many forget all those other activities and concentrate on one thing: the Internet. 3. Newly-experienced freedom from parental control Away from home and their parents watchful eyes, college students long have exercised their new freedom by engaging in pranks, talking to friends to all hours of the night, sleeping with their boyfriends and girlfriends, and eating and drinking things Mom and Dad would not approve of. Today, they utilize that freedom by hanging out in the MUDs and chat rooms of cyberspace, and no parent can complain about online service fees or their refusal to eat dinner with the family or help out with chores. 4. No monitoring or censoring of what they say or do online When they move on to the job world, college students may find suspicious bosses peeking over their shoulder or even monitoring their online time and usage. Even e-mail to co-workers could be intercepted by the wrong party. In college, no ones watching. Computer lab monitors tend to be student volunteers whose only responsibility is to assist anyone who needs help understanding how to use the Internet not tell them what they can or cannot do on it. 5. Full encouragement from faculty and administrators Students understand that their schools administration and faculty want them to make full use of the Internets vast resources. Abstaining from all Net use is seldom an option in some large classes, professors place required course materials solely on the Net and engage in their only oneon- one contact with students through e-mail! Administrators, of course, want to see their major investments in computers and Internet access justified. 6. Adolescent training in similar activities By the time most kids get to college, they will have spent years staring at video game terminals, closing off the world around them with walkmans, and engaging in that rapid-fire clicking of the TV remote. Even if they didnt get introduced to the Internet in high school, those other activities have made students well-suited to slide into aimless Web surfing, skill-testing MUDs, and rat-a-tattat chat room dialogue. 7. The desire to escape college stressors Students feel the pressures of making top grades, fulfilling parental expectations, and, upon graduation, facing fierce competition for good jobs. The Internet, ideally, would help make it easier for them to do their necessary course work as quickly and efficiently as possible. Instead, they turn to their Net friends to hide from their difficult feelings of fear, anxiety, and depression. 8. Social intimidation and alienation With as many as 30,000 students on some campuses, students easily can get lost in the crowd. When they try to reach out, they often run into even tighter clicks than the in-crowds of high school. Maybe they dont dress right or look right. But when they join the faceless community of the Internet, they find that with little effort they can become popular with new friends throughout the U.S. and in England, Australia, Germany, France, Hungary, Japan, New Zealand, and China. Why bother trying to socialize on campus? 9. A higher legal drinking age With the drinking age at twenty-one in most states, undergraduate students cant openly drink alcohol and socialize in bars. So the Internet becomes their substitute drug of choice: no ID required and no closing hour!

The Impact of International Interest in Afghanistan’s Access to Oil :: Essays Papers

The Impact of International Interest in Afghanistan’s Access to Oil Newspapers, magazines, television, radio, and the web: everywhere one turns, the media confronts our society with news concerning Afghanistan. Although September 11th was the peak of Afghanistan’s spotlight in the international media, this event was not the first time that Afghanistan has gained international attention. Beginning with its political relationship with Russia, Afghanistan slowly gained recognition, acknowledgment and even popularity among world powers. Moving towards the present, in which the United States, Great Britain, Russia, Japan, and China are competing for Afghanistan. Why all this commotion over a politically-torn, landlocked, Middle Eastern country? Although each country has several potential interests invested in Afghanistan, all of these nations share the common interest of Afghanistan’s access to oil. Many political conventions have resulted form the global interest in creating oil pipelines through Afghanistan. Although Afg hanistan is not a world power, the fact that this country can provide access to rich oil and gas reserves has allowed Afghanistan to have influence over and even affect international diplomacy. To begin, it is important to understand the political history of Afghanistan in order to comprehend the current political tension and issues concerning this country. Afghanistan’s history is complete with numerous wars and invasions throughout various historical periods. Majority of these conflicts occurred because of a political Afghan leader’s desire to continue holding the state of power in the country or because of foreign invasion. Desire to maintain power becomes an issue in Afghanistan due to the multi-ethnic nature of the population1. To begin, â€Å"the location of Afghanistan astride the land routes between the Indian subcontinent, Iran, and central Asia has enticed conquerors throughout history†2. First, the Muslim-Arab conquests left Afghanistan a Muslim country in the late 7th century. In the following centuries Afghanistan was invaded from the north by Genghis Khan and later by the Moguls. The conquests up to the 17th century lef t devastated Afghanistan. However, authorities invested the majority of their interests in attempting to control the political power against rebellious activities preventing swaying them from focusing on social and economical forms as well as the development of the country. The first unified Afghanistan State was not established until 1747 by Ahammad Khan Durani.

Race Colors Judgement Essay

The criminal justice system in the United States is one of the many places that I believe stereotypes are formed. For example, African-Americans make up only 13% of the U. S. population but represent 46% of the inmate population who have received sentences of more than one year (Hart, 2006, p. 1). Another example of a racial disparity can be seen the percentage of African-Americans who are drug users (14%) and those sentenced for drug offenses (53%) (Sentencing Project, 2009 p. 3). More African-American men are in prison or jail, on probation or parole then were enslaved in 1850, before the Civil War began,† (Alexander, 2010). However, this is not just a problem within the African-American community. More than 60% of the people in prison are now racial and ethnic minorities and three-fourths of all persons in prison for drug offenses are people of color (www. sentencingproject. org). The Bureau of Justice Statistics shows, that the likelihood for an African-American or Hispanic to be imprisoned is, 18. % for African-Americans and 10% for Hispanics, while the likelihood for Whites is 3. 4% (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2005). Brennan and Spohn (2009) showed in their study, â€Å"The Joint Effects of Offender Race/Ethnicity and Sex on Sentence Length Decisions in Federal Courts†, that African-American males received a significantly longer sentence (93 months) than White males (86. 2 months) (Brennan & Spohn, 2009). These are just some of the numbers, which cannot be ignored. An important question to ask; why are these racial disparities happening? In the study â€Å"White juror bias: An investigation of racial prejudice against Black defendants in the American courtroom†, Sommers & Ellsworth (2001) have a quote, which, I think, sums up the reasoning for studying race and its effect on juries, it came from one of my favorite movies: â€Å"In our courts, when it is a white man’s word against a black man’s, the white man always wins. They’re ugly, but those are the facts of life†¦The one place where man ought to get a square deal is a courtroom, be he any color of the rainbow, but people have a way of carrying their resentments right into the jury box† (From To Kill a Mockingbird, Lee, 1960, p. 20). The thinking by many social psychologists is â€Å"Racism still exists in our society today but is no longer endorsed by explicit racist beliefs or overt acts of prejudice† (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2003). Instead it’s a â€Å"Subtle, implicit, or aversive form of racism† (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2003). Whites in our society are taught to embrace egalitarianism (equality) and make a conscious effort to behave non-prejudice, or have non-bias beliefs. However, that does not mean that they still don’t harbor prejudicial attitudes. In a trial setting aversive racism and race salience, or racially charged vs. racially neutral, go hand and hand. Studies have concluded, a trial that is racially charged reminds jurors of their egalitarianism, but in a trial not racially charged a jurors’ motivation to avoid being prejudice is not triggered; instead they demonstrate their racial bias (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2001). It is the run of the mill trials where juror biases are displayed. White jurors need to be â€Å"reminded† that they should not have a bias. By â€Å"reminding† them, by a racially motivated incident, jury voir dire, jury instructions before deliberation, and others, White jurors are less likely to demonstrate racial bias towards an African-American defendant. Jury composition or heterogeneity vs. homogeneity groups, is theorized to be a huge factor in overall group decision-making skills. This is especially important in the jury decision-making process and verdicts because minorities are underrepresented on a jury. Sommers’s study â€Å"Racial Diversity and Group Decision Making† (2006) concluded, a jury, which has heterogeneity, rather than homogeneity considers a wider range of perspectives and information (Sommers, 2006). It was the diversity of the group influence on the White juror more than the performance of the African-American juror in the group (Sommers, 2006). This is not to say that the African-American juror did not perform well. Since many juries are not racially diverse, Whites on a jury may forget their egalitarian values, may not consider a wider range of perspectives and information, and will spend less time on their decisions. In-group bias is when people show a strong preference for fellow in-group members and tend to malign out-group members (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2000). Thomas Pettigrew, current Research Professor of Social Psychology at the University of California, in his 1979 study demonstrated that negative behaviors of in-group members were attributed to situational forces but negative behaviors of out-group members were attributed to inherent dispositions, which is the opposite from positive behavior attribution (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2000). This is a particularly important theory because juries for criminal trials are taking in facts pertaining to the negative behavior of a defendant who is either from their in-group or out-group. Systematic information processing is conceptualized as â€Å"Comprehensive analytic orientation to inform processing in which perceivers access and scrutinize a great deal of information for its relevance to their judgment task† (Tamborini et al. , 2007) Heuristic processing is conceptualized as â€Å"A more limited mode of information processing that requires less cognitive effort and fewer cognitive resources than systematic processing† (Tamborini et al. , 2007) Simple stated, heuristic information processing are shortcuts using previous knowledge and stereotypes, which influences peoples’ judgments. During a trial, jurors take in enormous amounts of information and when deliberating they tend to fill in the missing information with past experiences or stereotypes about certain crimes and criminals. This is not their intention, however it is how people cognitively process information-we put information into or take it out of certain categories. There are three main research methods used to study race and its effects on juries (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2003). Archival analysis of actual cases is ideal but there are a lot of confounding variables, which are hard to measure and control statistically (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2003). Another method used is post-trial juror interviews. This method is useful because you are asking direct questions of the jurors, who were part of the real trials. However, it is time consuming, has a small sample size, and relies on self-reporting by jurors (which in unreliable) (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2003). The third method is mock juror experiments, which relies on the experimental method of social psychology and allows the experimenters to control the confounding variables (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2003). There are some downfalls to using mock juror experiments as well, such as using college students as participants, written trial summaries, instead of witnessing a real trial, and the decision made by mock jurors have no real consequences (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2003). According to Sommers and Ellsworth (2003) it is best to use multiple methods. For example compare archival data to mock jury data. As I stated earlier, aversive racism and race salience (racially charged vs. racially neutral) in trials go hand and hand. Sommers and Ellsworth (both social psychologists) first studied race salience in their study, â€Å"Race in he Courtroom: Perceptions of Guilt and Dispositional Attributions† (2000). Since the theory of aversive racism (modern or subtle) states, Whites are more motivated to â€Å"appear† non-prejudice when racial issues are salient or prominent. They found that when a trial involves race salience the race of the defendant did not influence the White jurors (Sommers & Ellsworth, 2000). However, when a trail did not have race salience, the African-American defendants were found to be more guilty, aggressive, and violent by the White juror then the White defendant. This could have a profound effect, since Whites are not caught up in the day to day of racial issues, they may not take notice to the most subliminal racial issues in a trial. It may cause them to revert back to the more overt form of racism without even consciously knowing they are being racist or displaying their biases. A more recent study, â€Å"Diversity and Fairness in the Jury System†, conducted for the Ministry of Justice Research Series, by Thomas and Blamer (2007) concluded when a trial is racially charged (race salience), conviction rates for African-American defendants were lower. However, the conviction rate between White jurors and African-American jurors for African-American defendants were no different (Thomas & Balmer, 2007) (44% and 43%). In trials that were racially neutral, White jurors had low conviction rates for African-American defendants, while African-American jurors had high conviction rates for White defendants and low conviction rates for African-American defendants (Thomas & Balmer, 2007). This was a very interesting finding because in the Sommers and Ellsworth studies (2000, 2001) African-American jurors showed leniency both in race salience and non-race salience trials. Thomas and Balmer (2007) point out that in the Sommers and Ellsworth study that jurors did not decide cases as part of a jury with any deliberations (Thomas & Balmer, 2007). The results in the Thomas and Blamer study showed that individual jurors had difference conviction rates, but as a jury there was no difference between race salience and non-race salience trails (Thomas & Blamer, 2007). None of the juries (there were 8 in all) in the Thomas and Blamer (2007) study convinced the White defendant, The juries in England and Wales where this study took place have the same makeup as juries in the United States, majority White (Thomas & Balmer, 2007). That makes a nice segway into my next theory of jury composition because it appears that they dynamic of a racially mixed jury helped ensure individual biases were not allowed to dictate verdicts (Thomas & Balmer, 2007). Justice Thurgood Marshall said, â€Å"Diverse juries enjoy wider ranging discussions because White and Black jurors bring different experiences and perspectives to the jury room† (Sommers, 2006). Not only do African-American jurors bring different experiences but also, as we saw in the Thomas and Balmer (2007) study a racially mixed jury might help to ensure individual biases are not allowed to dictate verdicts. Again, referring to a study by Sommers (the leading researcher in this field) in which he specifically studies â€Å"The multiple effects of racial composition on jury deliberations† (Sommers, 2006). Having African-Americans (or minorities in general) on a jury can bring two different types of diversity-deep-level diversity and surface-level diversity (Sommers, 2007). Both can affect information exchange in different ways. Deep-level diversity brings the expertise, attitudes, and values of the individual members to the deliberation room (Sommers, 2007). Surface-level diversity brings members’ demographics and social category membership into the deliberation room (Sommers, 2007). Sommers’ (2006) found diverse groups spent more time deliberating, made fewer factual errors, and if there was an error it was more likely to be corrected, more open-mindness, and less resistance to discussions of controversial race topics (Sommers, 2006). The homogenous jury was the opposite (Sommers, 2006). Those results showed the affect deep-level diversity could bring to a jury. However, another aspect, which will bring me back to the theory of aversive racism and race salience, is the affect having diversity has on a White juror. By having a racially diverse jury, the White jurors have the issue of race and egalitarian values in the forefront of their minds. The White jurors are avoiding seeming bias. Sommers et al. , (2008) conducted a study to see if there are â€Å"Cognitive effects of racial diversity in a group. † The study found that Whites in a diverse group process information more thoroughly. They had no interaction with a diverse group member, it was simply being aware of a diverse group composition, which impacted the cognition of White members. It even improved reading comprehension of race-relevant passages, especially when Whites expected to have race-relevant conversation. This is important in a legal context as well. If a White juror’s cognitive ability, and information processing is improved they will use systematic processing which is â€Å"A comprehensive, analytic orientation to information processing in which perceivers access and scrutinize a great deal of information for its relevance to their judgment task†, instead of heuristics processing or shortcuts in their decision making (Tamborini et al. 2007). The Supreme Court attempted to make juries more racially diverse â€Å"Batson prohibition against race-based peremptories was based on two assumptions: (1) a prospective juror’s race can bias a jury selection judgments; (2) requiring attorneys to justify suspicious peremptories enables judges to determine whether a challenge is, indeed, race-neutral† (Batson v. Kentucky, 476 U. S. 79 (1986). To summarize the findings, White jurors tend to show their bias towards African-American defendants when the trial is not racially charged because they are not motivated to conceal their bias (aversive racism and egalitarian views). In homogenous juries Whites are more like to be bias, spend less time on their decisions, make more errors, consider fewer perspectives, are not motivated to conceal their bias. Also, when there is information overload jurors use heuristics (shortcuts) to process information, rather than a systematic review of the information. Tis effect, of using shortcuts, produces bias judgment for both African-American jurors and White jurors. All the aforementioned could be cause for the bias decision making of jurors and juries. However, there are positives that can be found throughout these studies. For instance, racially diverse juries, and race salience trials can help alleviate the biases by jurors and juries. It also proves that not all White juries are affected by the race of a defendant (in certain situations). Race and its effect on jury decisions is a topic that will be studied for years to come because of the complex nature of a jury and modern racism. Although studies have shown bias decision-making by White jurors there is still not enough statistics to make a causal connection. Research has also shown ways in which a jury’s bias can be minimized. The jury is one of the backbones of the court system, because of this, it is imperative that we continue to study juror bias and how to minimize their bias through different trial techniques and policies and procedures.

Act One Plot Summary of Pygmalion

Act One Plot Summary of Pygmalion George Bernard Shaw wrote over forty plays during the course long life of 94 years. Pygmalion, written in 1913, became his most famous work. Check out our article on Shaws biography to learn more about his life and literature. Quick Synopsis Its the tale of a conceited professor of linguistics, Henry Higgins, and the brash, incorrigible young woman named Eliza Doolittle. Higgins sees the cockney girl as a great challenge. Can she learn to speak like a refined English lady? Higgins endeavors to transform Eliza in his own image, and he gets much more than he ever bargained for. Pygmalion in Greek Mythology The title of the play is derived from ancient Greece. According to Greek Mythology, Pygmalion was a sculptor who created a beautiful statue of a woman. The gods grant the artist a wish by making the sculpture come to life. The main character in Shaws play is not a sculptor; however, he does become enamored with his own creation. Plot Summary of Act One Professor Henry Higgins wanders the streets of London, absorbing the local color and studying the various dialects those around him. A crowd of people huddle together, due to the sudden downpour of rain. A wealthy woman tells her adult son, Freddy to hail a taxi. He complains but obeys, bumping into a young woman selling flowers: Eliza Doolittle. She asks a man to buy flowers from her. He declines, but gives her spare change, for charitys sake. Another man warns Eliza that she should be careful; a stranger has been writing down every word she has been saying. The stranger is Prof. Henry Higgins who reveals his shorthand notes. She is distressed, thinking that she is in trouble. Henry rebukes her: HIGGINS: Dont be ridiculous. Whos hurting you, you silly girl? The crowd gives Higgins a hard time when they realize he is a gentleman instead of a policeman. At first, the citizens are quite concerned about the poor flower girl. Eliza expresses her distress (and reveals the nature of the crowd) in the following quote and subsequent stage direction: ELIZA: I aint done nothing wrong by speaking to the gentleman. Ive a right to sell flowers if I keep off the kerb. (Hysterically) Im a respectable girl: so help me, I never spoke to him except to ask him to buy a flower off me. (General hubbub, mostly sympathetic to the flower girl, but deprecating her excessive sensibility. Cries of Dont start hollerin. Whos hurting you? Nobodys going to touch you. Whats the good of fussing? Steady on. Easy, easy, etc., come from the elderly staid spectators, who pat her comfortingly. Less patient ones bid her shut her head, or ask her roughly what is wrong with her. (...) The flower girl, distraught and mobbed, breaks through them to the gentleman, crying mildly.) Oh, sir, dont let him charge me. You dunno what it means to me. Theyll take away my character and drive me on the streets for speaking to gentlemen. Prof. Higgins listens to peoples accents and cleverly recognizes where they are from and where they have been. The crowd is both impressed and perturbed at his uncanny abilities. The rain stops and the crowd disperses. Colonel Pickering, the man who gave Doolittle spare change, is intrigued by Higgins. The professor explains that he can identify a persons origins based solely on phonetics, the science of speech. Meanwhile, Eliza is still nearby, sulking and muttering to herself. Higgins complains that the flower girls speech is an insult to the majestic English language. Yet he also boasts that he is so skilled in phonetics that he could train her to speak like royalty. Pickering reveals his name, explaining that he has written a book on Indian dialects. By coincidence, Higgins had been hoping to meet the distinguished Colonel, just as Col. Pickering had been hoping to meet Higgins. Delighted by their chance encounter, Higgins insists that Pickering stay at his home. Before they leave, Eliza begs them to buy some of her flowers. Higgins drops a large amount of coins into her basket, amazing the young woman who very likely has never paid so much. She celebrates by taking a taxi cab home. Freddy, the wealthy young man who originally hailed the taxi says Well, Im dashed, in response to the flower girls confident attitude.

Chronological Order Essays - Occitan People, Pierre De Fermat

Chronological Order Essays - Occitan People, Pierre De Fermat Chronological Order -399 pythagoreans discover irrational numbers -240 Eratosthenes determines circumference of earth -230 Archimedes determines fromulas for the area of a secton of a parabola formulas for the area of a section of a parabola -200 Appollonius studies conic sections -200 Euclid writes Elements -100 Hipparchus develops the trig tables 825 Al-Khowarizmi uses Zero 1525 Rudolff introduces the radical sign 1535 Tartaglia solves cubic equations 1545 Square roots of negative numbers 1557 Recorde introduces the equals sign 1565 Goldbach states famous conjecture 1614 Napier invents logarithms 1614 Briggs uses base 10 logarithms 1621 Harriot introduces the inequality signs 1630 Oughtred invents the slide rule 1637 Descartes creates analytic geometry 1641 Descartes' Geometrie was published 1654 Pascal and Fermat discuss theory of probability in their correspondence 1655 Wallis introduces the symbol for infinity 1660 Fermat leaves last theorem 1665 Newton invents calculus 1669 Barrow discovered the general solution for the tangent line to a curve 1675 Leibniz invents calculus 1696 L'Hopital wrote the first text on differential calculus 1715 Brook Taylor's published account of polynomial approximations of transcental functions 1742 Goldbach states famous conjecture 1748 Agnesi writes Foundations of Analysis 1755 Euler shows that ePi i + 1 = 0 that epi i + 1 = 0 1770 Lambert proves pi is irrational 1773 Saccheri writes Euclid Freed of Every Flaw 1797 Lagrange proved the Mean Value Theorem 1814 Argand graphs imaginary numbers 1828 Gauss determines the convergence of infinite series 1830 Galois writes agout group theory 1842 Lovelace describes how to program Babbages Analytical Engine 1854 Riemann creates elliptic geometry 1854 Cayley uses matrices in solving equations 1858 Mobius strip is discovered 1888 Kovalevski is the first woman to earn a doctorate in mathematics 1895 Cantor creates transfinite numbers 1905 Einstein publicly formulated his theory on relativity 1910 Whithead and Russell write Principia Mathematica 1919 Alice Hamilton is Harvard's first female professor 1931 Godel publishes incompleteness theorems 1942 ENIAC, the first electronic computer is invented 1974 Mrs. Greminger became a mathematics instructor at Valle High School 1975 Bill Gates started his computer company Microsoft 1976 Four color map problem is solved 1998 Mrs. Moll became a mathematics instructor at Valle High School

Position paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Position paper - Essay Example During the ancient times buildings was a reflection of nature and the culture of the people. Aesthetic value of a house was considered important in architecture. However, modernity has changed everything. Tall buildings and malls are built in a plain. There is no uniqueness in the buildings that makes them appealing. Buildings no longer resonate with nature thus making it difficult for people to connect with the buildings. Formerly, a person could look at a building and immediately know the culture of the people or the resources available in the land in which it was constructed. The current housing designs are intended to meet the housing needs of the population. Aesthetic beauty of the buildings is not the main concern of the architects. Habitability of a house is what matters in the construction of a house. The buildings have, therefore, lost touch with the community in which they are built. The housing designs in America are just similar to the designs in Asia and other parts of the world. This means that buildings no longer have the cultural and natural appeal that existed before. Identity has been lost in the modern age architecture. Regional distinction of houses is no longer possible due to the similarity of houses. The break from the past in the modern age in the field of architecture is misplaced. The argument that advancement in technology and science should affect the design of buildings is wrong. The culture of the people may have changed but that does not justify a total migration from traditional designs to modern designs. A good number of people still value things that resonate with nature. People want things that they can easily connect with. This is why hotels and parks that have the natural look attract a high number of people. It is wrong to presume that modernity killed aesthetic significance that was attached to buildings. The

Re-Educating Healthcare Providers On Hand Hygiene Practice Essay

Re-Educating Healthcare Providers On Hand Hygiene Practice - Essay Example Resistance to change may originate from the organizational level as well as the local level (Anderson & Ackerman-Anderson, 2010). In the organization, the employees may not accept change because of the implications the change process may have on them. Locally, the change process may have effects that are likely to compromise the normal life of the individuals. To effect such a change, proper education is necessary for both the parties that will be affected by the change. Poor sponsorship of change may also affect the implementation and the sustainability of change. It may originate from the organizational or national practicum. The executives are necessary for the support of the change. Lack of the involvement of the executive may lead to poor resource allocation and support towards the change program (Cameron & Green, 2012). In response to the lack of sponsorship, the change will lack support as well as resources to implement it. Communication failures may arise from the organizatio nal setup. Poor communication of a given change may lead to ineffective reception and implementation of change (Anderson & Ackerman-Anderson, 2010). In an organizational setup, poor communication with employees, the executives, and the other stakeholders may hinder change. In response to the poor communication, the stakeholders may ignore the change or develop politics towards it.If the change is not well implemented, the organization entanglements will increase. This may result in organization, politics, and frictions

Anti-Drinking Campaign in the University of Minnesota Essay

Anti-Drinking Campaign in the University of Minnesota - Essay Example This section also details why a total ban on alcohol can not work citing developments that occurred during the American Prohibition era as a sample case study. Further, it explains the reasons why Community College Events should be factored in when controlling alcohol use. The next section mirrors on ways or methods which should be adopted to arrest the problem. The last section is conclusion and recommendations. 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Aim of the Research Proposal This research proposal aims to achieve a number of objectives. The overall objective is to demonstrate the importance of reducing and managing alcoholism at the University of Minnesota and how the budget of doing that can be reduced. The specific objectives include 1. Assessment of alcoholism in the United States colleges and the biases therein 2. Demystifying complete elimination of alcohol sale by focusing on the lows of prohibition period that took place in the United States for 14 years. In doing so the proposal argues in favour of alcohol provision but with legal/policy interventions to restrict its usage 3. The adoption of a number of measures to limit alcohol use in schools and community events 2.2 Background of Study/ Context Analysis 2.2.1 Importance of Restricting Alcohol Drinking in College Community Events Casady, Flora and Foote (2007) observe that community events are sometimes characterized by students and underage youths easily getting drunk because of availability of alcohol. About 50% of alcohol intake at community festivals is done by students or youth. These authors propose alcohol ban or restrictions in colleges or community events by curtailing sales through policies such as ID checking or reducing the number of servings that are extended to individuals. This is their view ultimately minimizes access to alcohol by students. They further cite studies which show that in an average event 50% those that are already intoxicated have 80% chance of buying more. Further, this kind of behav iour sometimes brings about disruption, vandalism and other anti-social behaviours. In 2004 professional basketball, a number of these behaviours were witnessed with many drunken students throwing beer bottles and cups at players on the court. Thus measures such as stopping alcohol sales at some point are important in mitigating such occurrences (Casaddy et. al, 2007). 2.2.2 Why Complete ban of Alcohol is a mirage and fruitless: Case Study of Era of Prohibition in America The reasons why the complete ban of alcoholic drinks in America is fruitless can be found in the analysis of the prohibition era. Peck (2009) observes that by the end of the World War 1 a number of changes had taken place in America, one of which was the nonexistence of alcoholic drinks. The American Government had put in place a policy that prompted the elimination saloon intoxicating liquor. Broadly speaking the era of prohibition refers to the epoch in the history of the United States when the production, sale a nd the transportation of liquor were unlawful for a period of 14 years (1920-1933) (Peck, 2009). One question that immediately comes to mind and which this proposal is interested in is, â€Å"Why was this measure put in place?†Ã‚  Ã‚  

Demand for Champagne in recent years Essay Example for Free

Demand for Champagne in recent years Essay The rise in demand for champagne recently can be set down to certain factors. The six determinants that will have affected the rise in demand for champagne over the last few years include: Rise in income, rise in the price of substitutes, fall in price of complements, change in tastes (in favour of champagne), increase in population and an increase in price expected. This can be broken down. Firstly, a rise in income means that people in general will have more available spending money, which can then be allocated to champagne (usually a normal good). If it is indeed a normal good, the usual rules will apply where an increase in Y (income) will mean an increase in demand. The second factor to consider is a rise in the price of substitutes. When champagne is considered, substitutes such as wine or perhaps whisky must be taken into account. If wine is not selling well, or perhaps it is a very good year for selling and the prices are allowed to rise, there will be a lower demand for wine. This drop in demand for wine will mean more available income that can possibly be spent on champagne, therefore a rise in demand for it. A fall in the price of substitutes would also increase the demand for champagne. When something is purchased and another product is necessary (or merely a want) to go hand-in-hand with it, income is needed for both. In the case of champagne, glasses are a complement. If the price of glasses falls, the money that would have been spent on the glasses can therefore be used instead for more champagne. A change in tastes can also affect the demand for champagne. If over the past few years people feel that champagne is a very prestigious drink to have with celebrations and more and more people start purchasing it, the demand for it will rise. An increase in population creates quite a simple example: more people, more consumption. The more people there are the more possible consumers to spend money on champagne. Finally, the price expected can create a rise in demand. If, for example, prices were expected to rise over the next few years, consumers in general would usually purchase champagne now as it is a good that keeps for a long time and would be a much more rational thing to do to purchase it at a cheaper price now than for a dearer price later (for the same good. )

Moral Force Protesting :: essays research papers

Moral Force Protesting Moral force protest has a greater chance to succeed that physical force protest. Discuss in relation to our contemporary world. In the modern world today, there is an immense diversity of global issues which are constantly being dealt with. Moral force protest as well as physical force protest are used, in hope of achieving a purpose and proving a point. For both of these acts of protest, there must be a substantial amount of facts and evidences backing it up. Both protests, no matter how it's done, are in some way seeking for the support of the ‘leaders', most of the time, the ‘leaders' being the government. Moral force protest involves logical convincing speeches which are fighting for a cause within the boundaries of law. It's possible to legally get enough support for a cause and eventually win by never once using any sort of violence. In some cases, hunger strikes by the ‘victims' are also done. Aside from well constructed speeches and hunger strikes, the refusal to obey certain laws and the passive resistance, that is, resisting to incoming violence usually from the government, are other ways to morally protest without any physical violence. Sometimes due to the refusal to abide to certain laws the supporters may find abusive, the moral force protest supporters might find themselves confronting the law, and perhaps even acting illegally. In recent years, certain countries which hadn't previously given women the right to vote changed their decision by receiving strong moral force protest; this right was gained, and nowadays in those countries women possess the right to vote. Physical force wasn't in any way used in this case. The opposing way to support some strong cause can be through physical force protests. This involves violent protests which may harm people purposely. Destructive attitude from the people supporting a cause by using physical force is indeed very common. In most cases violence is used in hope of getting attention and media publicity. Physical force protest, has a very distinctive difference from moral force protest; one of the most important ones being that, by violence, these supporters are terrorising the general public, and trying to get the government to recognise their terrorism, and give in. Moral force protest is not even remotely linked with terrorism. Not in any way, do the supporters practising moral force protest adapt to terrorism like do these physical force supporters. By terrorising the general public and the government itself, these supporters think they'll create such an intolerable situation that the government will give in to their extreme and sometimes unnecessary violence.

MARKET ANALYSIS :: essays research papers

MARKET ANALYSIS Excalibur is faced with the exciting opportunity of being the first-mover in the restaurant sport bar market. The consistent popularity of female achievements, combined with the growing interest in female sports, has been proven to be a winning concept in other markets and will produce the same results in Atlanta. Market Segmentation We see Excalibur as appealing to three major market segments. Fortunately, the long, late night hours of operation will help Excalibur lend itself to multiple segment appeal. Our market segmentation scheme allows some room for estimates and nonspecific definitions. 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  College Students--By creating an environment that is appealing to college students, we secure a natural progression between the student and the young professional. Through word of mouth, Excalibur expects an increase of five percent annually from this segment. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Tourists and Business Travelers--More and more business and travelers and tourists are finding themselves in Atlanta every year as is made evident by the increased demand and subsequent expansion of the local airport. We plan to reach these people through direct marketing to local hotel patrons. We anticipate a 20% annual growth rate in this segment. As our relationships grow with the local hotels, so too will the word of mouth recommendations from the hotel staff as well as the patronizing of our sports bar by their families and friends. Our future plan is to publish a simple website in order to create awareness to any traveler who wants to take an advanced look at the club before their visit. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Young Professionals--Due to our proximity to the downtown and midtown area, we must appeal to female adults. Whether it is a group of friends out to see a movie together or a woman who want to just go out and relax, these people need a place to eat/drink either before and/or after their movie. These customers will range in age from 27 to 40. Excalibur will appeal to this category by switching the tempo and entertainment to be more appealing to adults as it gets later into the evening. We also anticipate a 15% annual growth rate in tandem with the growth rate of Atlanta and through increased popularity. The following chart and table outline the target market segments for Excalibur, and include annual growth projections. Potential Customers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Growth   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2002   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2003   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2004   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  2005   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  CAGR   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Young Professionals   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  15%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  151,800   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  174,570   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  200,756   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  230,869   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  15.00%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   College Students   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  105,000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  110,250   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  115,763   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  121,551   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  5.00%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Tourists/Business Travelers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  120,000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  144,000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  172,800   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  207,360   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  20.

Racism in Disney Movies

Anastasia Trus WRTG 3020 Professor Pat Sullivan 30 March 2010 Racism in Disney During the last several decades, the media has become a strong agent in directing and controlling social beliefs and behaviors. Children, by nature, can be particularly susceptible to the influencing powers of the media, opening an avenue where media created especially for children can indoctrinate entire generations. Disney movies, like all other media â€Å"are powerful vehicles for certain notions about our culture,† such as racism. Giroux 32). Racist scenes in Disney movies are often identified as simply being â€Å"symbols of the time† when the films were produced. Furthermore, Disney racism is often passed over as simple humor, or as a simple guide to children's understanding of cultures. These explanations of racism in the films are incomplete because they fail to take into account the fact that the primary audience members of Disney films are not old enough to see the movies as relics of a different time and place. This is not to say that Disney films indoctrinate children with racist tendencies; nevertheless, racist scenes in still-popular films cast a blanket of insensitivity over the subject of racism. Disney’s reputation of being racially insensitive has never been more evident than in the time leading up to the release of its latest movie Princess and the Frog. Nearly everything about this film has caused a storm of criticism both from the public and from people within the film industry itself. It is curious that people are so enraged and concerned with this movie, when they ignore potentially more offensive racist elements in other films. If one analyzes society’s response to Princess and the Frog as a single phenomenon, then it does seem a bit odd that a children’s film could start such a heated social debate; however, after taking into account Disney’s history with racism and racial insensitivity, it is not surprising at all that the first black Disney princess would be such a controversial figure. Bombarded with accusations of anti-Semitism and racism, in the 1940’s Walt Disney was an avid supporter of the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals, a â€Å"red-scare† anti-Semitic industry group that wanted to blacklist artists (Alan 12). Perhaps this is one of the reasons Disney’s past is filled with questionable cinematic material. Fantasia was released in 1940, the third theatrical full-length animation, as shown in Disney's canon of animated films. The original version of Disney's classic â€Å"Fantasia† (1940) features a character called Sunflower, a little black centaur handmaiden. Sunflower is an extremely insulting caricature, and a bluntly racist stereotype of the â€Å"servile grinning nigger† variety (Walker 22). In a featured scene during â€Å"The Pastoral Symphony† elegant white centaurs frolick through the woods and are waited on by Sunflower. She is noticeably smaller than the other centaurs—ostensibly because she is half-donkey instead of half-horse, but more likely to exaggerate her inferiority—and has a darker complexion. Her sole function in the film is to eagerly polish and shine the hooves of the tall, sexy Aryan centaur women who glare down their petite noses at this pathetic servant. Such scenes were later censored in the film due to the characters being considered â€Å"ethnically offensive during the civil rights movement† (Walker 26).? In addition to reinforcing the stereotype of blacks as inferior beings, the scene from the â€Å"Pastoral Symphony† also furthers racism by supporting segregation. Throughout the film the female Aryan centaurs pair up with the males of their â€Å"race,† leaving Sunflower alone and separated from the group. Rather than correcting the racism within the scene, Disney later chose to eliminate it from the film – as if it never happened. When the racial climate of America changed in the 60s, the portrayal of such insulting stereotypes in movies and television became politically incorrect, and Disney (fearing accusations of racism) deleted Sunflower from Fantasia for the theatrical re-release of the film. Her troubling presence was simply cropped out of the movie even though you can still see the Aryans she used to pamper. Eliminating Sunflower from the movie may have been intended as harmless and as an attempt to be politically correct; however, it is cinematic decisions such as this that contributed to Disney’s reputation of being insensitive to issues of race. It was insulting enough for Disney to include the smiling servant stereotype to begin with, but to make matters worse, they started denying Sunflower's existence with the Fantasia re-release in 1960. How does that possibly make things better? A few angered African American communities said, â€Å"No, you misunderstand. In our perfect, Fantasia world, Africans aren't servants. They don't fucking exist† (Weinman 64). A contemporary film critic said, â€Å"What's fun though is that Disney says they never had such a character! We're all delusional† (Brunette 123). Maybe it was â€Å"acceptable† in the past to portray characters that had such blatant racist features; nevertheless, it is strange to deny its existence to audiences who had already seen the original version. This is how we deal with our ugly past: we deny it, trivialize it, gloss over it with pretty distractions and wishful thinking. Doing so, we deny ourselves a glimpse of the compelling reality of naked history. The well-meaning rush to unmake evil deeds by hiding them from the critical eye of modern sensibilities does nothing to honor the people who lived and struggled in those different times (Walker 28). Sunflower’s existence may be news to younger generations of Disney fans, but she has been here all along, and her presence as well as her absence carry great significance, especially in the context of how viewers and critics respond to other potentially racist films. Dumbo, the fourth film in the Disney industry, was made in 1941 and produced by Walt Disney himself. It was originally designed as an economical feature to help generate income after the financial failure of Fantasia. The concerns people had against Disney being anti-Semitic and racist were sill strong, especially after Disney projected his own sense of alienation onto â€Å"others† in Hollywood, namely, Jews, blacks, and union workers. In retaliation against the studio entrepreneurs, who were predominantly Jewish, Disney refused to employ Jews in high-level positions at his studio or as actors in his live-action features. Not until 1969, two years after Disney's death, did a Jewish actor, Buddy Hackett, feature prominently in a Disney film, The Love Bug. Disney Studios also denied black workers even minimal opportunities, as technicians and support personnel. Because Walt Disney was an infamous racist, even for his time, it is not surprising that a film he produced himself would be racist as well. Dumbo is full of racist images and themes. Dumbo’s birth itself speaks to the foundations of racism when the other female elephants single Dumbo out because he looks different with his unusual ears. Considering the fact that â€Å"big-eared elephants are African,† it is especially racist that Dumbo, who is seen as different and even freakish would be associated with Africa (Lugo-Lugo 167). Because Dumbo is different from everyone else, he is ridiculed for it. Just because his ears are bigger than those of a normal elephant, he is ostracized from the rest of the group. He only has one friend (Timothy Mouse), who ironically is also socially shunned because elephants are generally supposed to be scared of mice. This could be seen as another form of racism where someone is ostracized because they are different. Furthermore, in the movie, when it is time to set up the circus in town, it is significant to take note of who performs the hard labor necessary to make the circus function. Not only are the circus animals themselves condemned to build their own chamber of humiliation, but there are also faceless black men working hard at this labor. The faces on these men are featureless, with no eyes, no mouths, and no noses – showing that they possess no individual identities, like a group of invisible men. This is characteristic of the time period because the 1940s were right before the Civil Rights Movement, and although slavery had been abolished, blacks were still segregated and considered as lesser people. The song they sing while working is very appalling: We work all day, we work all night We never learned to read or writeWe're happy-hearted roustabouts When other folks have gone to bed We slave until we're almost dead We're happy-hearted roustabouts We don't know when we get our payAnd when we do, we throw our pay away We get our pay when children say With happy hearts, It's circus day today. The lyrics of this song portray slaves working day and night doing backbreaking labor. However, it says nothing about the system doing something wrong because the slaves seem happy to do the work. The song even mentions that slaves are also satisfied with working for no pay. The lyrics suggest that money was not something they worry about. The lyrics are insulting to the workers, stating that they do not know when they will get paid, but it does not matter because once they do get paid they will just throw their money away. Furthermore, the lyrics construct and laud the image of the passive and content slave whose true payment and fulfillment is watching the joy of (white) children on circus day. Lyrics such as â€Å"we slave until we're almost dead† but, â€Å"we're happy-hearted† are utterly absurd and disgraceful. Slavery was a morally wrong institution and the fact that Disney condoned its practices in Dumbo is horrifying. Another overtly racist element in Dumbo is the characterization and function of the crows. Richard Schickel says, â€Å"There was one distasteful moment in the film. The crows who teach Dumbo to fly are too obviously Negro caricatures† (Shickel 113). Leonardo Maltint, after quoting Schickel, says that critics may be overreacting to the crows: â€Å"There has been considerable controversy over the Black Crow sequence in recent years, most of it unjustified. The crows are undeniably black, but they are black characters, not black stereotypes† (Maltin 56). Even though Maltint makes a valid point, he does not address the fact that the crows in the film are very specifically depicted as poor and uneducated. They also use slang words such as calling each other â€Å"brotha† and speak in southern accents with incorrect grammar. Any one of these characteristics could be ignored as having racial implications; however, by combining them into one character, it is very reasonable, indeed, almost necessary to interpret the crow as a black stereotype. The other big argument for the Black Crow sequence being interpreted as racist is that the leader of the group of crows, towards the end of the movie, is named Jim. Therefore, Jim the Crow can very well be construed as being a reference to the Jim Crow Laws, which were prevalent in the southern United States from 1876-1965 and promoted racism and racial segregation. The crows' racial identities as black are further implied when they perform their song in a jazz style complete with scat stylization. The song â€Å"When I  See an Elephant Fly† is part of the music style generally popular at the time in black communities. As the crows begin humiliating poor Dumbo, Timothy Mouse steps up to defend him with the following comments: â€Å"Suppose you was torn away from your mother when you was just a baby. Nobody to tuck you in at nights. No warm, soft, caressing trunk to snuzzle into. How would you like to be left out alone†¦ in a cold, cruel, heartless world? † What an ironic comment to make to a set of characters who represent African-Americans, who, at the time, would only have been a few generations removed from the time when black slaves were routinely torn away from their families. The mouse continues: â€Å"And why? I ask ya, why? Just because he's got those big ears, they call him a freak. † Finally, Timothy says, â€Å"And on top of that, they made him a clown! Interestingly, Timothy’s reference to the clown points to the time when the white power structure practiced minstrelsy by making clowns of the socially despised blacks. It is important to recognize that Dumbo is racist not because of any single scene or image, but because of the message produced when all the racist scenes and images are combined. Dumbo is a freak with big â€Å"African† ears who must be segregated from the others. Furthermore, the only role he can have in the circus is that of the clown. The crows also point to black stereotypes through color, dialogue, and even name. Finally, the blatant reference to slavery through the figures of the circus workers contributes to an overall feeling of racism in the film. In many ways, analyzing whether one scene is racist is not nearly as important as understanding that racist undertones are present and noticeable in Dumbo whether we as a society want them be or not. It is important to note that not all racism in Disney films is directed at African Americans. One of the most well recognized racist symbols perpetuated by Disney is the portrayal of the Siamese cats in Lady and the Tramp (1955). Like stereotypical Asians, they are buck-toothed and have slanted eyes, and speak in ridiculously exaggerated accents that bear little, if any, resemblance to actual Thai speech patterns. Their features, along with the banging of a gong at the beginning of their song, could not make the Asian-specific racism any more obvious, â€Å"We are Siamese, if you please. We are Siamese if you don't please! We are former residents of Siam. There are no finer cats than we am. † Goldmark comments: One can hear the confidence and superiority in their voices. Those two cats don't care about anyone but themselves, lacking any kind of empathy. They are sociopaths, prepared to ruin Lady's life because it is fun and it serves them. They are portrayed as cunning and manipulative, giving the widespread idea that all Asians act superior, are cunning and manipulative. (Goldmark 115) In the film, the Siamese cats function not only as a racial stereotype but also as a stereotype of the upper classes in Oriental countries: â€Å"The cats prance around arrogantly in a Hollywood-invented style that is supposed to represent what the audience should assume are mannerisms of aristocratic Siamese or Chinese† (Romalov 46). The ambiguity in the exact ethnicity of the cats is significant because it demonstrates how Disney films tend to combine different ethnicities under the umbrella of one: â€Å"(Disney’s films, like many Hollywood films, often tended to lump ethnic groups together into a kind of undifferentiated mass-Asians, Chinese, Japanese, Siamese, for example Arab and East Indians as another example. ) The cats even roundly sing of their supposed heritage† (Romalov 46). This practice of ethnic â€Å"lumping† is even more obscene in Aladdin where Arabic and Indian cultures are intertwined and assumed to be one and the same. Like Lady and the Tramp, Aladdin attempted to include other races in the film that had not been included in other Disney movies of the past; unfortunately, we see many of the same racist undertones in Aladdin that are present in the film’s predecessors. Perhaps the most controversial and racist part in Aladdin (1992) is a set of lines in the opening song, â€Å"Arabian Nights. † It is one of the most contentious messages found in the film and begins the movie’s â€Å"depiction of Arab culture with a decidedly racist tone† (Giroux 104). An Arab merchant sings the lyrics: â€Å"Oh I come from a land/From a faraway place/Where the caravan camels roam. Where they cut off your ears/If they don’t like your face. /It’s barbaric, but hey, its home. † The message that is given right at the beginning of the film is that the Middle East is a desolate wasteland where the justice system runs on a simple limb-removal policy. The opening song alone s ets a tone that alienates the Arabic community from Western culture: â€Å"One would have to be very naive to believe that Hollywood would dare to use such a song if it did not see Arabs as belonging to an `other' or `alien' culture. Successive themes drive home the view that these creatures are suspicious, lazy, unethical, and violent outsiders. They' most definitely are not like ‘us’†(Shaheen 50). The lyrics to the opening song in Aladdin caused an uproar in Arab countries and the words were later changed to: â€Å"Where it’s flat and immense/ And the heat is intense. † Not only are the lyrics violent, but they are truly an example of the worst kind of racism. Disney distribution president Dick Cook was quoted as saying the change was made after meetings with members of the American-Arab Anti-Discrimination League but that â€Å"it was something we did because we wanted to do it [†¦] In no way would we ever do anything [†¦] insensitive to anyone,† he said (Shaheem 52). Yousef Salem, a former spokesperson for the South Bay Islamic Association, characterizes the film in the following way: â€Å"All of the bad guys have beards and large, bulbous noses, sinister eyes and heavy accents, and they're wielding swords constantly. Aladdin doesn't have a big nose, he has a small nose. He doesn't have a beard or turban. He doesn't have an accent† (Shaheen 56). This portrayal of Arab characters gives people a negative perception of Arabs. Furthermore, the Arab characters are mean whereas those who speak clear English and appear to be Americanized are â€Å"socially accepted†, or the â€Å"heroes† of society. In the first few scenes of the movie we see an Arab merchant, with a thick accent, wearing a turban and who is trying to sell stereotypical middle-eastern products (a vase which contains â€Å"a combination of hookah and coffee maker,† which can also produce â€Å"a million fries†). In addition, the movie shows Jasmine almost loosing her hand for giving a poor little boy an apple from the market stand. That is not accurate for most Middle Easterners who strive to help the poor and the homeless – they would not attempt to cut someone’s hand off for giving an apple to a poor child. These instances show the racist way in which people from the East are portrayed as barbaric. The film could also be considered racist in that it portrays Arab culture as deeply oppressive of women and brutally violent. Princess Jasmine is trapped mercilessly inside her palace home, and the palace guards threaten to cut off her hand at one point in the film. She is also constantly controlled by the men who surround her. Finally, she is the only other woman we see in the film besides the belly dancers in the opening scenes. What does that say in regard to the significance of women in Disney? Of course, Disney does not intend to offend anyone – that would be bad business. Most people who watch the movies are probably caught up in the Disney magic and do not notice these things. Problematically, one way in which Disney creates the magic is by using stereotypes that people respond to without thinking. Aladdin looks â€Å"right† for a hero; Jafar looks â€Å"right† for a villain; Jasmine looks â€Å"right† for a trapped princess. We as consumers do not think about it, but the practices and images we internalize as being â€Å"right† are very dangerous for society. For example, it is especially concerning that the upper class in the film, the royal family, appears white. The Sultan, Jasmine, and Aladdin are all fair-skinned and do not speak with accents, suggesting that they are more â€Å"white† than the other characters in the film. This image perpetuates the white power structure in America, and most viewers are only aware of this on a subconscious level (Shaheem 54). This subconscious awareness of practices such as racism in the media is especially hazardous for our society because if an individual is not perceptive of when she internalizes social evils, than she cannot be perceptive of when she perpetuates them. Even still, the fact remains that regardless of whether we think about it, recognize or denounce it, racism and stereotyping takes place in many Disney films, including the classic 1994 film The Lion King. The first and perhaps most noticeable example of racism in The Lion King mirrors a stereotyping practice seen in Aladdin. Like Jaffar in Aladdin, Scar is arguably one of the darkest colored characters in The Lion King. While the other heroic lions are lighter skinned, Scar is the only one with dark fur and a jet-black mane, reinforcing the stereotype where the darker and more ethnic character is the villain (Twomey 1). Another obvious example of racism in Aladdin, is seen with the hyenas, who are portrayed as stupid and violent, and are comprised of a lower-class animal group that feeds upon the scraps and leftovers of the more dominant, strong, intelligent creatures. This dichotomy is then reinforced by the use of stereotypes, classifying these stupid, low-class hyenas through the use of African-American (Whoopi Goldberg as â€Å"Shenzi†) and Latino (Cheech Marin as â€Å"Banzai†) stereotypes. It has even been said that â€Å"despicable hyena storm troopers speak†¦ in racially coded accents that take on the nuances of the discourse of a decidedly urban, black, and Latino youth† (Byrne 62). The speech patterns and accents of the hyenas present quite a stark contrast compared to the American and British accents of the rest of the cast. The hyenas also serve as an interesting opposition to the thoughtful, strong, and intelligent characters of the rest of the film, who represent the upper class, indeed, mostly â€Å"white† culture. That is not to say all African-Americans are poorly depicted. James Earl Jones voices the role of the powerful and wise â€Å"Mufasa†, and Robert Guillaume voices â€Å"Rafiki,† the wise shaman. Yet even with two of the strongest main characters being voiced by African-Americans, it is hard not to notice the stereotyping Disney seems to be making about Black, Latino, and lower-class culture. It is significant to recognize that The Lion King does not stop with racial stereotypes, but also cruelly targets other underrepresented groups including women and homosexuals. According to the Associated Press, Carolyn Newberger of Harvard University complained in the Boston Globe that â€Å"the good-for-nothing hyenas are urban blacks; the arch-villain's gestures are effeminate, and he speaks in supposed gay cliches† (Twomey 33). The film also furthers gender stereotypes by displaying women as subservient and dependent upon the strength of males. The strong-spirited Nala can be viewed as a counter to this, but just as with the racial stereotyping, one strong female character does not undo the overall statement being made about the weakness of women. It is the combination of Disney’s insensitive treatment of stereotypes targeting not only non-whites, but also women, and other minorities in films such as Aladdin and The Lion King that can help explain the 21st century’s response to The Princess and the Frog. Both before and after The Princess and the Frog was released, many of the film’s critics were very vocal about racism in the movie. Nearly everyone who has an opinion about the film has something different to say – in sum, nearly everything about the film is racist and offensive to someone and needs to be changed. As a starting point in analyzing the public’s critical response to Princess and the Frog, it is important to address all the criticism surrounding the black princess’s name. Many argue that the princess’s original name, Maddy, is to close to he slave term â€Å"mammy†: â€Å"A voice actor’s tongue wouldn’t have to slip very much to say â€Å"mammy† while ordering Maddy to do a chore, and in such a context, the name â€Å"Maddy† seemed both deliberately inappropriately evocative and easy for the audience to mishear† (Kareem 1). Furthermore, others argue that Maddy’s position as chambermaid fo r a spoiled, white girl is demeaning. Just as Disney changed the name of its protagonist to â€Å"Tiana,† they have also changed her from being a maid to being a prospective owner of a restaurant. True it is traditional for fairy tale protagonists to begin their stories with having a low social status, but a black heroine who is a domestic could be legitimately read not as a fairy tale trope but as a reinforcement of real world racial denigration (Kareem 1). Some may claim that it would be historically accurate for a 1920’s black woman to be a maid, but Disney does not even necessarily care about historical accuracy when animating actual history. Another point of heated debate in the film centers on the fact that the black princess ends up with an arguably whiter prince, Naveen (or at least a prince who looks white and is voiced by a Brazilian actor who also looks white). Whatever Naveen's ethnicity is, in her article â€Å"The Word on the â€Å"Princess and the Frog,† Disney’s First Film With a Black Heroine,† Nandra Careem quotes Shannon Prince who raises some interesting points about the problems behind Disney’s choice not to make him African American: Some might argue that portraying interracial marriage in film is good – but why then weren't any of the white princesses given non-white princes to save them from white villains? And since Disney doesn't give white princesses non-white princes, isn't this interracial relationship at the expense of black boys who deserve a hero just as much as black girls deserve a heroine? (Kareem, 1) Prince is not the only critic to take issue with the difference in skin color between the prince and princess. Cultural critic Hensley Jameson comments, â€Å"The prince is lighter than she is. What’s that say about black men? Sure, Boris Kodjoe is fine, and we come in all shades, but to be truly black, a character can’t be any lighter than Denzel Washington (Kareem 1). Originally the prince was explicitly reported as being the jazz-loving monarch of a European country. By giving the prince an olive, but still white, complexion and a Brazilian accent, Disney gets to go forward with their original white hero yet make him ambiguous enough to not be unequivocally criticized as white at the same time. Tiana isn't the problem,† says Angela Bonner Helm at Black Voices: â€Å"Was there any particular reason why her love interest, Prince Naveen of Maldonia, couldn't be black, too? Though America has a â€Å"real-life black man in the highest office of the land with a black wife, Disney obviously doesn't think a black man is worth the title of prince† (Kareem 1). The plot of The Princess and the Frog also follows Disney’s pattern of making their ev il characters more â€Å"ethnic† and darker than their good characters. The central villain in the film is the voodoo master, who is also African American. Elaborating on the presence of voodoo in the film, Careem comments that Disney grossly misrepresented the purpose and reality of voodoo: â€Å"The foundation of voodoo is not charms but monotheistic faith, belief in saints and spirits, and a focus on moral values such as charity and respect for the elderly. People do perform rites for protection and defense, but suffice it to say that voodoo is not about being a magician or a fairy godmother† (Mathews 1). The fact that Disney uses uninformed voodoo stereotypes rather than accurate facts in the film furthers the racist undertones in the film. The final major point of criticism in the film is concerned with the fact that the first black Disney princess spends most of the time in the movie as a frog: â€Å"Why does the black princess have to be a frog the whole time? Are they saying black people should be green instead of black? † wonders Shirley Wilson, a waitress at Rob’s diner who plans to boycott the movie: â€Å"when I watched the film I felt disappointed to learn that the heroine spends a significant chunk of the movie not as a black princess at all but as a frog. After decades of waiting, would it be too much to actually see an hour and a half of a black princess on the screen? † (Matthews 1). Wilson’s response to The Princess and the Frog is especially significant because it demonstrates how many people, even on a non-academic level have serious concerns about issues of race in the film. When addressing the critical response to The Princess and the Frog, it is difficult to ignore the fact that even though it has been over half of a century since the first Disney films were released, racism is still a point of criticism, both in the older films and in the ones being produced today. Furthermore, despite the fact that The Princess and the Frog features the first black Disney Princess, critics are even more upset about racism in the film than they ever were before – even in the case of more overtly racist films. Many of the points raised about racism and racial stereotypes in the film are valid and interesting; nevertheless, one cannot help but notice that they overshadow many of the advances Disney has made in eliminating other equally offensive stereotypes in their films. For example, whereas other Disney films typically lack the mother figure completely and perhaps only reference the mother when explaining the past, The Princess and the Frog includes a mother who is present for the entire film. It may not be obvious to most viewers of The Princess and the Frog, but Disney takes a huge and important step in introducing a mother figure to their film – their past practice of eliminating the mother figure is arguably sexist and offensive to the female identity. Another important change Disney makes in Princess and the Frog centers on the fact that unlike other Disney princesses who dream about meeting a prince, Tiana has realistic dreams and expectations – she wants to be a restaurant owner and works very diligently to achieve her goal. Despite this significant statement about female power, however, most film critics will probably instead choose to focus on the fact that Tiana, as an African American, is limited to owning a restaurant rather than a Fortune 500 company. Works Cited: Alan, Spector J. Cultural Diversity and the US Media. Albany: State Univ. of New York, 1998. Print. Brunette, Libby. Stereotypes and Racism in Children's movies. London: Harper Collins Publishers, 2002 Byrne, Eleanor, and Martin McQuillan. Deconstructing Disney. London: Pluto, 1999. Print. Giroux, Henry A. â€Å"Are Disney Movies Good for Your Kids? † Rethinking Childhood 10. 2 (2000): 32-115. Print. 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